VIRGINIA RICHTER holds a Chair of Modern English Literature at the University of Berne, Switzerland. Previously, she taught English and Comparative Literature at the Universities of Munich and Göttingen. She was a Visiting Fellow at the University of Kent at Canterbury and the University of Leeds. She has published and lectured widely on Darwinism and on Victorian and Modernist literature and culture.

• Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations List of Epigraphs What Animal? Darwin's Displacement of Man Creating Connections: Humans, Apes, and Missing Links Apes and Ape-Men: the Anxiety of Simianation Missing Links and Lost Worlds: the Anxiety of Assimilation Cultural Pessimism and Anthropological Anxiety Notes Bibliography Index

VIRGINIA RICHTER holds a Chair of Modern English Literature at the University of Berne, Switzerland. Previously, she taught English and Comparative Literature at the Universities of Munich and Göttingen. She was a Visiting Fellow at the University of Kent at Canterbury and the University of Leeds. She has published and lectured widely on Darwinism and on Victorian and Modernist literature and culture.

• Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations List of Epigraphs What Animal? Darwin's Displacement of Man Creating Connections: Humans, Apes, and Missing Links Apes and Ape-Men: the Anxiety of Simianation Missing Links and Lost Worlds: the Anxiety of Assimilation Cultural Pessimism and Anthropological Anxiety Notes Bibliography Index

VIRGINIA RICHTER holds a Chair of Modern English Literature at the University of Berne, Switzerland. Previously, she taught English and Comparative Literature at the Universities of Munich and Göttingen. She was a Visiting Fellow at the University of Kent at Canterbury and the University of Leeds. She has published and lectured widely on Darwinism and on Victorian and Modernist literature and culture.

• Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations List of Epigraphs What Animal? Darwin's Displacement of Man Creating Connections: Humans, Apes, and Missing Links Apes and Ape-Men: the Anxiety of Simianation Missing Links and Lost Worlds: the Anxiety of Assimilation Cultural Pessimism and Anthropological Anxiety Notes Bibliography Index