Edited by Andrea Ceron, Associate Professor of Political Science, Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy

‘The book shoulders the work of a specialised Encyclopedia, but also refreshes the field by providing a diverse set of contributions to subject matters both established and emerging.’

• Contents:PART I SUBJECTS AND SUBFIELDSAgenda-setting research in the age of social media 2Porismita Borah and Yan SuClicktivism, slacktivism and connective action 5Max HalupkaCybersecurity 9Tobias Liebetrau and Linda MonseesDigitally networked protests 14Dan MerceaE-campaigning and elections 17Jörg HaßlerE-democracy 21Emiliana De BlasioElectoral predictions from social media data 25Marko M. Skoric and Kokil JaidkaInternet and political participation 29Shelley Boulianne and Stephanie BellandNowcasting and forecasting with Big Data 34Amparo Blazquez-Soriano and Rosmery Ramos-SandovalPopulism and social media 37Peter MaurerSocial media and autocracy 42Tamara GrechanayaSocial media and political trust 46Christopher StarkeSocial media and public health 50Francesca Greco and Guido GiarelliSocial media revolution versus normalization 54Joachim Åström and Martin KarlssonSocial TV and second screen 59Fabio GigliettoTerrorism and online extremism 62Fatima Zahrah and Jason R. C. NurseViolence, conflict, war and social media 67Eleonora MattiacciPART II METHODSDigital trace data analysis 73Luca CorchiaTechnicity-of-the-mediums 77Janna Joceli OmenaData collection: APIs and scraping 81Marius Sältzer and Aleksandra ButnevaAudio as data 86Ludovic Rheault and Sophie BorweinImage as data and visual methods 90Uta Russmann and Anastasia VenetiText as data 94Kohei WatanabeScaling models in political science 98Daniel Braby, Benjamin Guinaudeau and Marius SältzerSentiment analysis and opinion mining 105Francesca GrecoTopic models 108Theresa GesslerMobile positioning data 111Anu Masso, Siiri Silm and Olle JärvMachine learning and deep learning 114David MuchlinskiQualitative methods 118Lucia BainottiDigital ethnography 122Alessandro CaliandroSocial network analysis 126Katherine OgnyanovaPART III ACTORSActivated public opinion 132Andrea CeronAlgorithm, machine learning and artificial intelligence 135Andrea Ferrario and Michele LoiBots 139Rose Marie Santini and Débora SallesDigital advocacy 143Gabriella ScaramuzzinoDigital parties 147Linn SandbergFact-checking 151Camille J. Saucier and Nathan WalterHacktivists 155Marco DeseriisHyperleaders 159Roberta BraccialePolitical influencers 163Andreu Casero-RipollésSocial media analytics companies 167Ivan ManokhaTrolls 171Andreas Birkbak and Yevgeniy GolovchenkoVoting advice applications 176Bastiaan BruinsmaWikiLeaks and whistleblowers 180Meghan Van Portfliet and Kate KennyPART IV CORE KEYWORDSBig Data 186Nathan TeBlunthuisCensorship online 190Tamara GrechanayaData journalism 192Sergio SplendoreDeep Web and Dark Web 196Robert W. GehlDigital public sphere 200Lidia Valera-OrdazDisinformation 205Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni PaganoEcho chambers 210Daniel Stegmann, Birgit Stark and Melanie MaginFake news 216Jana Laura Egelhofer and Jakob-MoritzEberlFilter bubbles 220Daniel Stegmann, Melanie Magin and Birgit StarkHashtag politics 225Janna Joceli OmenaMicrotargeting 231Mathieu LavigneMisinformation 235Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano(Non-)representativeness of social media data 239Melanie MaginOnline political hostility 244Linn Sandberg and Anamaria Dutceac SegestenOpen data 248Irene Nonyelum Azogu and Justin LongoPost-truth 253Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Jana Laura EgelhoferViral political marketing 257Márton BeneWisdom of crowds 262Fabio FranchPART V DEBATED AND EMERGINGTOPICSApps and politics 269David B. Nieborg and Kaushar MahetajiComputational propaganda effects 273Rose Marie Santini, Débora Salles, Lorena Lucas Regattieri and Carlos Eduardo BarrosConspiracy theories on social media 277Edward HurcombeCoordinated inauthentic behavior 280Fabio GigliettoCrypto-politics 283Linda MonseesData doxa 287Gavin John Douglas SmithDigital movement of opinion 291Mauro BarisioneDigital surveillance 294Kathleen KuehnElection manipulation and interference 298Amelie Henle and Samantha BradshawGamification in politics 304Michael BossettaMeme politics 308Giulia Giorgi and Ilir RamaOnline sources for journalism 313Sergio SplendorePlatform labor and digital labor 317Alessandro GandiniRobots and politics 320Ryan David KigginsSentiment democracy 324Andrea CeronTwiplomacy 327Maja ŠimunjakIndex 332

Edited by Andrea Ceron, Associate Professor of Political Science, Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy

‘The book shoulders the work of a specialised Encyclopedia, but also refreshes the field by providing a diverse set of contributions to subject matters both established and emerging.’

• Contents:PART I SUBJECTS AND SUBFIELDSAgenda-setting research in the age of social media 2Porismita Borah and Yan SuClicktivism, slacktivism and connective action 5Max HalupkaCybersecurity 9Tobias Liebetrau and Linda MonseesDigitally networked protests 14Dan MerceaE-campaigning and elections 17Jörg HaßlerE-democracy 21Emiliana De BlasioElectoral predictions from social media data 25Marko M. Skoric and Kokil JaidkaInternet and political participation 29Shelley Boulianne and Stephanie BellandNowcasting and forecasting with Big Data 34Amparo Blazquez-Soriano and Rosmery Ramos-SandovalPopulism and social media 37Peter MaurerSocial media and autocracy 42Tamara GrechanayaSocial media and political trust 46Christopher StarkeSocial media and public health 50Francesca Greco and Guido GiarelliSocial media revolution versus normalization 54Joachim Åström and Martin KarlssonSocial TV and second screen 59Fabio GigliettoTerrorism and online extremism 62Fatima Zahrah and Jason R. C. NurseViolence, conflict, war and social media 67Eleonora MattiacciPART II METHODSDigital trace data analysis 73Luca CorchiaTechnicity-of-the-mediums 77Janna Joceli OmenaData collection: APIs and scraping 81Marius Sältzer and Aleksandra ButnevaAudio as data 86Ludovic Rheault and Sophie BorweinImage as data and visual methods 90Uta Russmann and Anastasia VenetiText as data 94Kohei WatanabeScaling models in political science 98Daniel Braby, Benjamin Guinaudeau and Marius SältzerSentiment analysis and opinion mining 105Francesca GrecoTopic models 108Theresa GesslerMobile positioning data 111Anu Masso, Siiri Silm and Olle JärvMachine learning and deep learning 114David MuchlinskiQualitative methods 118Lucia BainottiDigital ethnography 122Alessandro CaliandroSocial network analysis 126Katherine OgnyanovaPART III ACTORSActivated public opinion 132Andrea CeronAlgorithm, machine learning and artificial intelligence 135Andrea Ferrario and Michele LoiBots 139Rose Marie Santini and Débora SallesDigital advocacy 143Gabriella ScaramuzzinoDigital parties 147Linn SandbergFact-checking 151Camille J. Saucier and Nathan WalterHacktivists 155Marco DeseriisHyperleaders 159Roberta BraccialePolitical influencers 163Andreu Casero-RipollésSocial media analytics companies 167Ivan ManokhaTrolls 171Andreas Birkbak and Yevgeniy GolovchenkoVoting advice applications 176Bastiaan BruinsmaWikiLeaks and whistleblowers 180Meghan Van Portfliet and Kate KennyPART IV CORE KEYWORDSBig Data 186Nathan TeBlunthuisCensorship online 190Tamara GrechanayaData journalism 192Sergio SplendoreDeep Web and Dark Web 196Robert W. GehlDigital public sphere 200Lidia Valera-OrdazDisinformation 205Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni PaganoEcho chambers 210Daniel Stegmann, Birgit Stark and Melanie MaginFake news 216Jana Laura Egelhofer and Jakob-MoritzEberlFilter bubbles 220Daniel Stegmann, Melanie Magin and Birgit StarkHashtag politics 225Janna Joceli OmenaMicrotargeting 231Mathieu LavigneMisinformation 235Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano(Non-)representativeness of social media data 239Melanie MaginOnline political hostility 244Linn Sandberg and Anamaria Dutceac SegestenOpen data 248Irene Nonyelum Azogu and Justin LongoPost-truth 253Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Jana Laura EgelhoferViral political marketing 257Márton BeneWisdom of crowds 262Fabio FranchPART V DEBATED AND EMERGINGTOPICSApps and politics 269David B. Nieborg and Kaushar MahetajiComputational propaganda effects 273Rose Marie Santini, Débora Salles, Lorena Lucas Regattieri and Carlos Eduardo BarrosConspiracy theories on social media 277Edward HurcombeCoordinated inauthentic behavior 280Fabio GigliettoCrypto-politics 283Linda MonseesData doxa 287Gavin John Douglas SmithDigital movement of opinion 291Mauro BarisioneDigital surveillance 294Kathleen KuehnElection manipulation and interference 298Amelie Henle and Samantha BradshawGamification in politics 304Michael BossettaMeme politics 308Giulia Giorgi and Ilir RamaOnline sources for journalism 313Sergio SplendorePlatform labor and digital labor 317Alessandro GandiniRobots and politics 320Ryan David KigginsSentiment democracy 324Andrea CeronTwiplomacy 327Maja ŠimunjakIndex 332

Edited by Andrea Ceron, Associate Professor of Political Science, Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy

‘The book shoulders the work of a specialised Encyclopedia, but also refreshes the field by providing a diverse set of contributions to subject matters both established and emerging.’

• Contents:PART I SUBJECTS AND SUBFIELDSAgenda-setting research in the age of social media 2Porismita Borah and Yan SuClicktivism, slacktivism and connective action 5Max HalupkaCybersecurity 9Tobias Liebetrau and Linda MonseesDigitally networked protests 14Dan MerceaE-campaigning and elections 17Jörg HaßlerE-democracy 21Emiliana De BlasioElectoral predictions from social media data 25Marko M. Skoric and Kokil JaidkaInternet and political participation 29Shelley Boulianne and Stephanie BellandNowcasting and forecasting with Big Data 34Amparo Blazquez-Soriano and Rosmery Ramos-SandovalPopulism and social media 37Peter MaurerSocial media and autocracy 42Tamara GrechanayaSocial media and political trust 46Christopher StarkeSocial media and public health 50Francesca Greco and Guido GiarelliSocial media revolution versus normalization 54Joachim Åström and Martin KarlssonSocial TV and second screen 59Fabio GigliettoTerrorism and online extremism 62Fatima Zahrah and Jason R. C. NurseViolence, conflict, war and social media 67Eleonora MattiacciPART II METHODSDigital trace data analysis 73Luca CorchiaTechnicity-of-the-mediums 77Janna Joceli OmenaData collection: APIs and scraping 81Marius Sältzer and Aleksandra ButnevaAudio as data 86Ludovic Rheault and Sophie BorweinImage as data and visual methods 90Uta Russmann and Anastasia VenetiText as data 94Kohei WatanabeScaling models in political science 98Daniel Braby, Benjamin Guinaudeau and Marius SältzerSentiment analysis and opinion mining 105Francesca GrecoTopic models 108Theresa GesslerMobile positioning data 111Anu Masso, Siiri Silm and Olle JärvMachine learning and deep learning 114David MuchlinskiQualitative methods 118Lucia BainottiDigital ethnography 122Alessandro CaliandroSocial network analysis 126Katherine OgnyanovaPART III ACTORSActivated public opinion 132Andrea CeronAlgorithm, machine learning and artificial intelligence 135Andrea Ferrario and Michele LoiBots 139Rose Marie Santini and Débora SallesDigital advocacy 143Gabriella ScaramuzzinoDigital parties 147Linn SandbergFact-checking 151Camille J. Saucier and Nathan WalterHacktivists 155Marco DeseriisHyperleaders 159Roberta BraccialePolitical influencers 163Andreu Casero-RipollésSocial media analytics companies 167Ivan ManokhaTrolls 171Andreas Birkbak and Yevgeniy GolovchenkoVoting advice applications 176Bastiaan BruinsmaWikiLeaks and whistleblowers 180Meghan Van Portfliet and Kate KennyPART IV CORE KEYWORDSBig Data 186Nathan TeBlunthuisCensorship online 190Tamara GrechanayaData journalism 192Sergio SplendoreDeep Web and Dark Web 196Robert W. GehlDigital public sphere 200Lidia Valera-OrdazDisinformation 205Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni PaganoEcho chambers 210Daniel Stegmann, Birgit Stark and Melanie MaginFake news 216Jana Laura Egelhofer and Jakob-MoritzEberlFilter bubbles 220Daniel Stegmann, Melanie Magin and Birgit StarkHashtag politics 225Janna Joceli OmenaMicrotargeting 231Mathieu LavigneMisinformation 235Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano(Non-)representativeness of social media data 239Melanie MaginOnline political hostility 244Linn Sandberg and Anamaria Dutceac SegestenOpen data 248Irene Nonyelum Azogu and Justin LongoPost-truth 253Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Jana Laura EgelhoferViral political marketing 257Márton BeneWisdom of crowds 262Fabio FranchPART V DEBATED AND EMERGINGTOPICSApps and politics 269David B. Nieborg and Kaushar MahetajiComputational propaganda effects 273Rose Marie Santini, Débora Salles, Lorena Lucas Regattieri and Carlos Eduardo BarrosConspiracy theories on social media 277Edward HurcombeCoordinated inauthentic behavior 280Fabio GigliettoCrypto-politics 283Linda MonseesData doxa 287Gavin John Douglas SmithDigital movement of opinion 291Mauro BarisioneDigital surveillance 294Kathleen KuehnElection manipulation and interference 298Amelie Henle and Samantha BradshawGamification in politics 304Michael BossettaMeme politics 308Giulia Giorgi and Ilir RamaOnline sources for journalism 313Sergio SplendorePlatform labor and digital labor 317Alessandro GandiniRobots and politics 320Ryan David KigginsSentiment democracy 324Andrea CeronTwiplomacy 327Maja ŠimunjakIndex 332