Edited by Jan Germen Janmaat, Professor of Political Socialisation, Department of Education, Practice and Society, University College London, UK and Anne Bert Dijkstra, Professor of Evaluation and Socialisation in Education by special appointment, Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam and the Dutch Inspectorate of Education, the Netherlands

‘The Research Handbook on Education and Democracy offers a rich exploration of how education fosters democratic competencies and reduces civic inequalities by combining comprehensive literature reviews with original research. A must-read for educators, policymakers, and researchers committed to advancing democratic values through education.’

• ContentsIntroduction to Research Handbook on Education and Democracy xvJAN GERMEN JANMAAT, DAVID KERR AND ANNE BERTDIJKSTRAPART I WHAT ARE DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES?2 Educating democratic citizens? A collaborative theorisation of discoursesof democratic education 2Edda Sant, Marta Da Costa, David Menendez Alvarez-Hevia and Jonas Thiel3 Processes, influences and choices that impacted on the structure andcontents of the Council of Europe’s Reference Framework of Competencesfor Democratic Culture 17Martyn Barrett4 Promoting citizenship competences for a resilient democracy: balancingbetween central control and local variety 36Geert ten Dam5 The development of citizenship education in the United Kingdom: aretrospective review from the mid-1990s to the present 53David Kerr6 Liberal democracy and Islamic education: a clash of civilisations or a clashof ignorances? 69Anil KhamisPART II THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES7 Understanding and promoting civic skills: toward an integrated conceptionof civic competencies 89Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg, Kelly Siegel Stechler and Nicole Faraci8 The socialization effect of education on authoritarian-libertarian values 112Hilma Lindskog and Mikael Persson9 Citizenship education’s contribution to students’ political efficacy: anarrative review 123Eva Kosberg10 The roles of education in the formation of political actors 141Nicolas P. Emler11 Education and political participation revisited 159Mikael Persson and Hilma Lindskog12 Higher education and social trust: a comparative study 171Jian Huang13 Political trust among emerging citizens 190Johanna Fee Ziemes14 How an integrated approach to citizenship education can help schoolscontribute to the citizenship competences of their students 209Manja Coopmans and Geert ten Dam15 Which teaching practices promote students’ democracy learning? Asystematic review 226Pontus Wallin, Maria Olson and Mikael Persson16 Can progressive education cultivate democratic dispositions? 246Steven Donbavand17 How does formal mass education influence the political socialization ofyouth into national, supranational, or global citizens? 260Alexander W. Wiseman18 Schools, citizenship education, and democratic dispositions amongEuropean youth: a comparative analysis using ICCS 2016 data 288Maria Magdalena Isac and Daniel MirandaPART III EDUCATION AND INEQUALITIES IN DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES19 Civic education as a tool to mitigate social inequalities in civic outcomes: aliterature review 309Daniel Miranda20 Influences on girls’ expectations of future civic engagement: the contextualeffects of gender using ICCS 2016 329Alexander W. Wiseman and Rebecca B. Wiseman21 Obstacles for equal citizenship education: the difficult role of citizenshipeducation policy 352Dorien Sampermans and Lisa De Schaepmeester22 Access to civic learning: gaps, trends and trade-offs 365Isabel Kempner and Jan Germen Janmaat23 The authoritarian adolescent: school/media trajectories in segregatededucation 391Michael McDevitt and Nicola J. RedlPART IV ASSESSING CAUSALITY24 Reconciling causal estimates of the effects of education on civic andpolitical participation 409Daniel Hart and Thomas Dahan25 Causality in the field of citizenship education 423Laura E. M. Mulder26 Educational reforms as natural experiments for studying the effects ofeducation on political participation, civic skills and civic values 436Marcus ÖstermanPART V CONCLUSION27 In retrospect: research into education and democracy in a broaderperspective 458Jan Germen Janmaat, Anne Bert Dijkstra and David Kerr

Edited by Jan Germen Janmaat, Professor of Political Socialisation, Department of Education, Practice and Society, University College London, UK and Anne Bert Dijkstra, Professor of Evaluation and Socialisation in Education by special appointment, Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam and the Dutch Inspectorate of Education, the Netherlands

‘The Research Handbook on Education and Democracy offers a rich exploration of how education fosters democratic competencies and reduces civic inequalities by combining comprehensive literature reviews with original research. A must-read for educators, policymakers, and researchers committed to advancing democratic values through education.’

• ContentsIntroduction to Research Handbook on Education and Democracy xvJAN GERMEN JANMAAT, DAVID KERR AND ANNE BERTDIJKSTRAPART I WHAT ARE DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES?2 Educating democratic citizens? A collaborative theorisation of discoursesof democratic education 2Edda Sant, Marta Da Costa, David Menendez Alvarez-Hevia and Jonas Thiel3 Processes, influences and choices that impacted on the structure andcontents of the Council of Europe’s Reference Framework of Competencesfor Democratic Culture 17Martyn Barrett4 Promoting citizenship competences for a resilient democracy: balancingbetween central control and local variety 36Geert ten Dam5 The development of citizenship education in the United Kingdom: aretrospective review from the mid-1990s to the present 53David Kerr6 Liberal democracy and Islamic education: a clash of civilisations or a clashof ignorances? 69Anil KhamisPART II THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES7 Understanding and promoting civic skills: toward an integrated conceptionof civic competencies 89Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg, Kelly Siegel Stechler and Nicole Faraci8 The socialization effect of education on authoritarian-libertarian values 112Hilma Lindskog and Mikael Persson9 Citizenship education’s contribution to students’ political efficacy: anarrative review 123Eva Kosberg10 The roles of education in the formation of political actors 141Nicolas P. Emler11 Education and political participation revisited 159Mikael Persson and Hilma Lindskog12 Higher education and social trust: a comparative study 171Jian Huang13 Political trust among emerging citizens 190Johanna Fee Ziemes14 How an integrated approach to citizenship education can help schoolscontribute to the citizenship competences of their students 209Manja Coopmans and Geert ten Dam15 Which teaching practices promote students’ democracy learning? Asystematic review 226Pontus Wallin, Maria Olson and Mikael Persson16 Can progressive education cultivate democratic dispositions? 246Steven Donbavand17 How does formal mass education influence the political socialization ofyouth into national, supranational, or global citizens? 260Alexander W. Wiseman18 Schools, citizenship education, and democratic dispositions amongEuropean youth: a comparative analysis using ICCS 2016 data 288Maria Magdalena Isac and Daniel MirandaPART III EDUCATION AND INEQUALITIES IN DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES19 Civic education as a tool to mitigate social inequalities in civic outcomes: aliterature review 309Daniel Miranda20 Influences on girls’ expectations of future civic engagement: the contextualeffects of gender using ICCS 2016 329Alexander W. Wiseman and Rebecca B. Wiseman21 Obstacles for equal citizenship education: the difficult role of citizenshipeducation policy 352Dorien Sampermans and Lisa De Schaepmeester22 Access to civic learning: gaps, trends and trade-offs 365Isabel Kempner and Jan Germen Janmaat23 The authoritarian adolescent: school/media trajectories in segregatededucation 391Michael McDevitt and Nicola J. RedlPART IV ASSESSING CAUSALITY24 Reconciling causal estimates of the effects of education on civic andpolitical participation 409Daniel Hart and Thomas Dahan25 Causality in the field of citizenship education 423Laura E. M. Mulder26 Educational reforms as natural experiments for studying the effects ofeducation on political participation, civic skills and civic values 436Marcus ÖstermanPART V CONCLUSION27 In retrospect: research into education and democracy in a broaderperspective 458Jan Germen Janmaat, Anne Bert Dijkstra and David Kerr

Edited by Jan Germen Janmaat, Professor of Political Socialisation, Department of Education, Practice and Society, University College London, UK and Anne Bert Dijkstra, Professor of Evaluation and Socialisation in Education by special appointment, Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam and the Dutch Inspectorate of Education, the Netherlands

‘The Research Handbook on Education and Democracy offers a rich exploration of how education fosters democratic competencies and reduces civic inequalities by combining comprehensive literature reviews with original research. A must-read for educators, policymakers, and researchers committed to advancing democratic values through education.’

• ContentsIntroduction to Research Handbook on Education and Democracy xvJAN GERMEN JANMAAT, DAVID KERR AND ANNE BERTDIJKSTRAPART I WHAT ARE DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES?2 Educating democratic citizens? A collaborative theorisation of discoursesof democratic education 2Edda Sant, Marta Da Costa, David Menendez Alvarez-Hevia and Jonas Thiel3 Processes, influences and choices that impacted on the structure andcontents of the Council of Europe’s Reference Framework of Competencesfor Democratic Culture 17Martyn Barrett4 Promoting citizenship competences for a resilient democracy: balancingbetween central control and local variety 36Geert ten Dam5 The development of citizenship education in the United Kingdom: aretrospective review from the mid-1990s to the present 53David Kerr6 Liberal democracy and Islamic education: a clash of civilisations or a clashof ignorances? 69Anil KhamisPART II THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES7 Understanding and promoting civic skills: toward an integrated conceptionof civic competencies 89Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg, Kelly Siegel Stechler and Nicole Faraci8 The socialization effect of education on authoritarian-libertarian values 112Hilma Lindskog and Mikael Persson9 Citizenship education’s contribution to students’ political efficacy: anarrative review 123Eva Kosberg10 The roles of education in the formation of political actors 141Nicolas P. Emler11 Education and political participation revisited 159Mikael Persson and Hilma Lindskog12 Higher education and social trust: a comparative study 171Jian Huang13 Political trust among emerging citizens 190Johanna Fee Ziemes14 How an integrated approach to citizenship education can help schoolscontribute to the citizenship competences of their students 209Manja Coopmans and Geert ten Dam15 Which teaching practices promote students’ democracy learning? Asystematic review 226Pontus Wallin, Maria Olson and Mikael Persson16 Can progressive education cultivate democratic dispositions? 246Steven Donbavand17 How does formal mass education influence the political socialization ofyouth into national, supranational, or global citizens? 260Alexander W. Wiseman18 Schools, citizenship education, and democratic dispositions amongEuropean youth: a comparative analysis using ICCS 2016 data 288Maria Magdalena Isac and Daniel MirandaPART III EDUCATION AND INEQUALITIES IN DEMOCRATIC COMPETENCES19 Civic education as a tool to mitigate social inequalities in civic outcomes: aliterature review 309Daniel Miranda20 Influences on girls’ expectations of future civic engagement: the contextualeffects of gender using ICCS 2016 329Alexander W. Wiseman and Rebecca B. Wiseman21 Obstacles for equal citizenship education: the difficult role of citizenshipeducation policy 352Dorien Sampermans and Lisa De Schaepmeester22 Access to civic learning: gaps, trends and trade-offs 365Isabel Kempner and Jan Germen Janmaat23 The authoritarian adolescent: school/media trajectories in segregatededucation 391Michael McDevitt and Nicola J. RedlPART IV ASSESSING CAUSALITY24 Reconciling causal estimates of the effects of education on civic andpolitical participation 409Daniel Hart and Thomas Dahan25 Causality in the field of citizenship education 423Laura E. M. Mulder26 Educational reforms as natural experiments for studying the effects ofeducation on political participation, civic skills and civic values 436Marcus ÖstermanPART V CONCLUSION27 In retrospect: research into education and democracy in a broaderperspective 458Jan Germen Janmaat, Anne Bert Dijkstra and David Kerr