Dr. Dinesh Yadav, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology at Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. Dr. Pankaj Chowdhary, PhD, President, Society for Green Environment (SGE) at New Delhi, India. Dr. Gautam Anand, PhD, post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel Dr. Rajarshi Kumar Gaur, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

• Volume 1About the Editors xixPreface xxiii1 Xylanases: Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 1Mariana Delgado-Garcia, Lizeth G. Campos-Muzquiz, Rocio G. Castillo-Godina, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Beatriz del C. Cutiño-Laguna, and Raul Rodriguez-Herrera1.1 Introduction 11.2 Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 31.3 Structure 51.4 Xylanases as Biocatalyst 81.5 Genomics Studies on Xylanases 111.6 Xylanases as a Promising Enzyme for Industrial Applications 131.7 Industrial Food Applications 141.8 Future Trends 171.9 Conclusions 19Acknowledgment 19References 202 Exploration of the Microbial Urease and Their Industrial Applications 31Jackson Khedia, Rupali Gupta, and Gautam Anand2.1 Urease Enzyme and Its History 312.2 Urea Hydrolysis 312.3 Sources and Molecular Attributes of Urease Enzyme 322.4 Urease Purification 332.5 Applications of Urease Enzyme 362.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 40References 413 Methane Monooxygenase Production and Its Limitations 47Gaurav S. Rana, Neetika Naudiyal, Vaibhav Badoni, Amit S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma3.1 Introduction 473.2 Classes of MMO 483.3 Structure and Active Site of MMO 503.4 Mechanism of Action 523.5 Regulation of MMO 543.6 Sources of MMO 543.7 Genetic Engineering of MMOs 553.8 MMO Production 573.9 Applications of MMO and Methanotrophs 583.10 Limitations in MMO Production 613.11 Conclusion 61References 624 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Eco-sustainable Development Toward a Green World 67Abhijeet W. Singh, Ramendra Soni, Arun K. Pal, Jayant Kashyap, Pooja Tripathi, and Vijay Tripathi4.1 Introduction 674.2 Structure, Classification, and Properties of PHAs 694.3 Production and Synthesis of PHAs 704.4 Applications of PHAs in the Health Sector 714.5 Tissue Engineering 714.6 Bio-implantation Patches 724.7 Drug Delivery 724.8 Surgical Applications 724.9 Orthopedic Applications 734.10 Industrial Applications of PHAs 734.11 Agricultural Applications 754.12 Conclusion and Future Prospective 76Acknowledgments 77References 785 An Insight into Production Strategies for Microbial Pectinases: An Overview 87Shruti Dwivedi, Gautam Anand, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav5.1 Introduction 875.2 Microbial Pectinases 885.3 Microbial Pectinases: Mode of Action and Classifications 895.4 Sources of Microbial Pectinases 895.5 Production of Microbial Pectinases 955.6 Bioreactors-based Production of Microbial Pectinases 965.7 Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing Production of Microbial Pectinases 995.8 Purification of Microbial Pectinases 1015.9 Immobilization of Microbial Pectinases 1025.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 102References 1076 Hydrocarbon-degrading Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi and Their Applications 119Mark Gabriel M. Galinato and Adeline Su Yien Ting6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution 1206.2.1 Hydrocarbons 1206.2.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution and Management 1216.3 Mangrove Environments 1236.4 Mangrove-associated Fungi as Hydrocarbon Degraders 1266.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi 1316.6 Applications and Future Prospects 1356.7 Conclusion 138References 1387 Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes Production and Their Applications 149Gebiru Sinshaw, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, Gessesse K. Bekele, and Mesfin T. Gemeda7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Sources of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes 1507.3 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industries 1547.4 Challenges and Future Trends of Microbial Enzymes 1637.5 Conclusion 164List of Abbreviations 164Authors’ Contributions 164Acknowledgments 165References 1658 Peroxidases: Role in Bioremediation 173Huda Afreen, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Classification of Peroxidases 1768.3 Applications of Different Peroxidases for Environmental Pollution Management 1778.4 Conclusion 183Acknowledgment 183References 1839 Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidase and Its Significance in Therapeutics 189Vinita Yadav9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Sources 1909.3 Substrate Specificity and Optimality 1909.4 Isolation of Microbial Strains for Producing α-L-Rhamnosidase Enzyme 1969.5 Assay Method 1969.6 Purification Method 1989.7 Biochemical Properties and Application of α-L-Rhamnosidase 1999.8 Summary 201References 20210 The Use of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industries: A Global Perspective 207Hina Radadiya, Rajesh Patel, and Ramesh Kothari10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Global Perspective and Demand for Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 20810.3 Production of Industrial Enzymes 20910.4 Approach to Boost Properties of Microbial Enzymes 21110.5 Microbial Enzymes in Food Industries 21210.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219References 22011 Alkane Hydroxylases: Sources and Applications 225Sangeeta Negi and Satyapriy Das11.1 Introduction 22511.2 Sources of Alkane Hydroxylases 22711.3 Production, Purification, and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases 22911.4 Applications of Alkane Hydroxylases 23111.5 Future Prospects 23511.6 Conclusion 236References 23612 An Overview of Production of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases and Their Industrial Applications 243Sushil K. Singh, Arya Sahu, Manish S. Rajput, and Nand Lal12.1 Introduction 24312.2 Structure of Laccase 24512.3 Mode of Action 24712.4 Sources of Laccase 24812.5 Substrates, Mediators, and Screening of Laccases 25012.6 Production of Bacterial Laccases 25112.7 Production of Fungal Laccases 25412.8 Applications of Laccases 25412.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 260References 26013 Magic of Microbial Enzymes: Earthworm’s Gut as a Bioreactor 273Jayanta K. Biswas and Anurupa Banerjee13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Classification of Enzymes 27413.3 Earthworms: Intestines of the Earth 27513.4 Earthworms and Their Relation with Microbes and Enzymes 27713.5 Importance of Enzymes Related to Earthworms and the Associated Microorganisms 27813.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 283References 28414 Proteases from Thermophilic Bacteria: Their Significant Characteristics and Recombinant Production 293Nitin Srivastava, Sumit Kumar, and Sunil K. Khare14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Thermophilic Bacteria 29414.3 Thermophilic Proteases 29714.4 Stability of Thermophilic Proteases and Underlying Mechanisms 29814.5 Significance of Thermophilic Proteases 29914.6 Recombinant Thermophilic Protease Production Strategies and Related Challenges 30014.7 Enzyme Engineering Strategies 30114.8 Applications 30214.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303References 30415 Mining and Redesigning of Microbial Enzymes for the Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides 309Fauzia Parween and Rinkoo D. Gupta15.1 Introduction 30915.2 Selection of the Starting Gene 31015.3 DNA Level Processes for the Creation of Gene Library 31215.4 Screening of the Gene Library 31515.5 Characterization of Designed Enzymes 31815.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 320List of Abbreviations 321References 32116 Use of Omics Tools Toward the Discovery of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 329Neelam A. Kungwani, Simran Dani, and Gunjan Sharma16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Biotechnological Applications of Key Fungal Enzymes 33016.3 Biotechnological Potential of Fungal Metabolites 33316.4 In Silico Tools for Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites Prediction 33516.5 Use of In Silico Tools for the Prediction of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 33816.6 Implications and Limitations of the In Silico Studies in Fungal Biology 33916.7 Conclusions and Prospects 339References 33917 Bioprospecting of Microbial Enzymes with Application in Environmental Biotechnology: An Omic Approach 345Maricy R. L. Bonfá, Rodrigo M. Pereira, Francine A. Piubeli, Caio C. A. do Prado, and Lucia R. Grossman17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Environmental Biotechnology Areas 34717.3 Microbial Enzymes Applied in Environmental Recovery 35217.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioproduct Manufacturing 35617.5 Omics Approaches for Bioprospecting Enzymes 36017.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 374References 37518 Recent Trends in Computational Tools for Industrially Important Enzymes 383Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Hemant J. Purohit, and Nishant A. Dafale18.1 Introduction 38318.2 Strategies for Discovering Enzymes 38518.3 Computational Methods for Enzyme Function Prediction 39118.4 Conclusion 397Acknowledgments 398References 39819 Microbial Gallic Acid Decarboxylase: An Overview and Advancement in Application Potential Study Through Bioinformatics 407Ishita Biswas, Debanjan Mitra, and Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra19.1 Introduction 40719.2 Isolation and Selection of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Producing Microbes 40719.3 Purification of GAD Enzyme and Biomolecular Properties 40919.4 Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Assay 40919.5 Molecular Biological Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase with Special Reference to Human Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria 40919.6 In Silico Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase 41119.7 Discussion 41619.8 Conclusions 417References 41720 Microbial Chitinases: Potential Applications in Agriculture 421Rupali Gupta, Gautam Anand, Dinesh Yadav, and Maya Bar20.1 Introduction 42120.2 Chitin Structure and Its Degradation by Chitinases 42220.3 Microbial Sources of Chitinase 42420.4 Chitinolytic Microorganisms as Potential Biological Control Agents or Biopesticides 42520.5 Metagenomic Approaches as a Tool to Unravel New Microbial Chitinases 42820.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 429References 431Volume 2About the Editors xviiPreface xxi21 β-Glucosidase Production and Its Applications 437Vaibhav Badoni, Gaurav S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma22 Mining of Enzyme with Novel Activity Through Combination of Genomic Information andTraditional Biochemical Approach 477Yutaka Kawarabayasi23 Strategies for Discovery and Enhancement of Enzyme Function: Current Developments andOpportunities 491Menaka D. Salam, Swati Tripathi, and Simran24 Promises of Systems Biology to Better Understand the Kinetics of Industrially Important Enzymes505Koel Mukherjee, Vinod Kumar Nigam, and Santhosh Pillai25 Metagenomics: New Insight in Microbial Diagnosis 519Deepika Chaudhary, Aman Kumar, Kanisht Batra, and Sushila Maan26 Production and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer and Other Diseases535Ambuj Shahi, Girijesh K. Patel, Sushil Kumar, Madhuri Singh, Anshika Varshney, and Uday C. Ghoshal27 Microbial Alkaline Protease: Production, Purification, and Applications 569Degafneh Tadesse, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, and Chandran Masi28 Microbial Lipases in Modern Detergency: Sources, Production, and Application 593Shashwat Katiyar and Nand Lal29 Production of Inulin Oligosaccharides from Microbial Inulinases and Their Applications 613Priyanka, Hemant Ghai, and Wamik Azmi30 Characterization of Phytopathogen’s Tannase as a Virulence Factor 637Richa Naredi and Kanti P. Sharma31 Mycozyme-based Functional Oligosaccharides 647Suresh Nath, Hemant K. Rawat, Aamir Khan, and Naveen Kango32 Microbial Laccases: Structure, Function, and Applications 665Supriya Gupta, Aiman Tanveer, Shruti Dwivedi, Vivek Kumar Morya, Manoj Kumar Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav33 Microbial ACC Deaminase: Stress Modulators in Plants 697Lalita Pal, Vikas Dwivedi, Vikrant Dwivedi, and Diwakar M. Tripathi34 Ligninolytic Enzyme: Microbial Sources, Production, Purification, and Biotechnological Applications721Rohida A. Hoque, Meera Yadav, and Hardeo S. Yadav35 Bioinformatic-driven Research in Microbial Enzymes: An Overview 739Kanchan Yadav, Varsha Rani, Gautam Anand, Umesh Yadava, and Dinesh Yadav36 Food Waste and By-products: An Opportunity to Produce Enzymes for Industrial Applications 761Manoj Tripathi, Ajay Yadav, Dilip Pawar, Rajpal S. Jadam, and RahulM.Srivastva37 Recombinant DNA Technology in the Improvement of Microbial Enzyme Production (Online)Index783

Dr. Dinesh Yadav, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology at Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. Dr. Pankaj Chowdhary, PhD, President, Society for Green Environment (SGE) at New Delhi, India. Dr. Gautam Anand, PhD, post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel Dr. Rajarshi Kumar Gaur, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

• Volume 1About the Editors xixPreface xxiii1 Xylanases: Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 1Mariana Delgado-Garcia, Lizeth G. Campos-Muzquiz, Rocio G. Castillo-Godina, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Beatriz del C. Cutiño-Laguna, and Raul Rodriguez-Herrera1.1 Introduction 11.2 Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 31.3 Structure 51.4 Xylanases as Biocatalyst 81.5 Genomics Studies on Xylanases 111.6 Xylanases as a Promising Enzyme for Industrial Applications 131.7 Industrial Food Applications 141.8 Future Trends 171.9 Conclusions 19Acknowledgment 19References 202 Exploration of the Microbial Urease and Their Industrial Applications 31Jackson Khedia, Rupali Gupta, and Gautam Anand2.1 Urease Enzyme and Its History 312.2 Urea Hydrolysis 312.3 Sources and Molecular Attributes of Urease Enzyme 322.4 Urease Purification 332.5 Applications of Urease Enzyme 362.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 40References 413 Methane Monooxygenase Production and Its Limitations 47Gaurav S. Rana, Neetika Naudiyal, Vaibhav Badoni, Amit S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma3.1 Introduction 473.2 Classes of MMO 483.3 Structure and Active Site of MMO 503.4 Mechanism of Action 523.5 Regulation of MMO 543.6 Sources of MMO 543.7 Genetic Engineering of MMOs 553.8 MMO Production 573.9 Applications of MMO and Methanotrophs 583.10 Limitations in MMO Production 613.11 Conclusion 61References 624 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Eco-sustainable Development Toward a Green World 67Abhijeet W. Singh, Ramendra Soni, Arun K. Pal, Jayant Kashyap, Pooja Tripathi, and Vijay Tripathi4.1 Introduction 674.2 Structure, Classification, and Properties of PHAs 694.3 Production and Synthesis of PHAs 704.4 Applications of PHAs in the Health Sector 714.5 Tissue Engineering 714.6 Bio-implantation Patches 724.7 Drug Delivery 724.8 Surgical Applications 724.9 Orthopedic Applications 734.10 Industrial Applications of PHAs 734.11 Agricultural Applications 754.12 Conclusion and Future Prospective 76Acknowledgments 77References 785 An Insight into Production Strategies for Microbial Pectinases: An Overview 87Shruti Dwivedi, Gautam Anand, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav5.1 Introduction 875.2 Microbial Pectinases 885.3 Microbial Pectinases: Mode of Action and Classifications 895.4 Sources of Microbial Pectinases 895.5 Production of Microbial Pectinases 955.6 Bioreactors-based Production of Microbial Pectinases 965.7 Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing Production of Microbial Pectinases 995.8 Purification of Microbial Pectinases 1015.9 Immobilization of Microbial Pectinases 1025.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 102References 1076 Hydrocarbon-degrading Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi and Their Applications 119Mark Gabriel M. Galinato and Adeline Su Yien Ting6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution 1206.2.1 Hydrocarbons 1206.2.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution and Management 1216.3 Mangrove Environments 1236.4 Mangrove-associated Fungi as Hydrocarbon Degraders 1266.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi 1316.6 Applications and Future Prospects 1356.7 Conclusion 138References 1387 Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes Production and Their Applications 149Gebiru Sinshaw, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, Gessesse K. Bekele, and Mesfin T. Gemeda7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Sources of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes 1507.3 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industries 1547.4 Challenges and Future Trends of Microbial Enzymes 1637.5 Conclusion 164List of Abbreviations 164Authors’ Contributions 164Acknowledgments 165References 1658 Peroxidases: Role in Bioremediation 173Huda Afreen, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Classification of Peroxidases 1768.3 Applications of Different Peroxidases for Environmental Pollution Management 1778.4 Conclusion 183Acknowledgment 183References 1839 Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidase and Its Significance in Therapeutics 189Vinita Yadav9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Sources 1909.3 Substrate Specificity and Optimality 1909.4 Isolation of Microbial Strains for Producing α-L-Rhamnosidase Enzyme 1969.5 Assay Method 1969.6 Purification Method 1989.7 Biochemical Properties and Application of α-L-Rhamnosidase 1999.8 Summary 201References 20210 The Use of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industries: A Global Perspective 207Hina Radadiya, Rajesh Patel, and Ramesh Kothari10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Global Perspective and Demand for Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 20810.3 Production of Industrial Enzymes 20910.4 Approach to Boost Properties of Microbial Enzymes 21110.5 Microbial Enzymes in Food Industries 21210.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219References 22011 Alkane Hydroxylases: Sources and Applications 225Sangeeta Negi and Satyapriy Das11.1 Introduction 22511.2 Sources of Alkane Hydroxylases 22711.3 Production, Purification, and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases 22911.4 Applications of Alkane Hydroxylases 23111.5 Future Prospects 23511.6 Conclusion 236References 23612 An Overview of Production of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases and Their Industrial Applications 243Sushil K. Singh, Arya Sahu, Manish S. Rajput, and Nand Lal12.1 Introduction 24312.2 Structure of Laccase 24512.3 Mode of Action 24712.4 Sources of Laccase 24812.5 Substrates, Mediators, and Screening of Laccases 25012.6 Production of Bacterial Laccases 25112.7 Production of Fungal Laccases 25412.8 Applications of Laccases 25412.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 260References 26013 Magic of Microbial Enzymes: Earthworm’s Gut as a Bioreactor 273Jayanta K. Biswas and Anurupa Banerjee13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Classification of Enzymes 27413.3 Earthworms: Intestines of the Earth 27513.4 Earthworms and Their Relation with Microbes and Enzymes 27713.5 Importance of Enzymes Related to Earthworms and the Associated Microorganisms 27813.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 283References 28414 Proteases from Thermophilic Bacteria: Their Significant Characteristics and Recombinant Production 293Nitin Srivastava, Sumit Kumar, and Sunil K. Khare14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Thermophilic Bacteria 29414.3 Thermophilic Proteases 29714.4 Stability of Thermophilic Proteases and Underlying Mechanisms 29814.5 Significance of Thermophilic Proteases 29914.6 Recombinant Thermophilic Protease Production Strategies and Related Challenges 30014.7 Enzyme Engineering Strategies 30114.8 Applications 30214.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303References 30415 Mining and Redesigning of Microbial Enzymes for the Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides 309Fauzia Parween and Rinkoo D. Gupta15.1 Introduction 30915.2 Selection of the Starting Gene 31015.3 DNA Level Processes for the Creation of Gene Library 31215.4 Screening of the Gene Library 31515.5 Characterization of Designed Enzymes 31815.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 320List of Abbreviations 321References 32116 Use of Omics Tools Toward the Discovery of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 329Neelam A. Kungwani, Simran Dani, and Gunjan Sharma16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Biotechnological Applications of Key Fungal Enzymes 33016.3 Biotechnological Potential of Fungal Metabolites 33316.4 In Silico Tools for Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites Prediction 33516.5 Use of In Silico Tools for the Prediction of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 33816.6 Implications and Limitations of the In Silico Studies in Fungal Biology 33916.7 Conclusions and Prospects 339References 33917 Bioprospecting of Microbial Enzymes with Application in Environmental Biotechnology: An Omic Approach 345Maricy R. L. Bonfá, Rodrigo M. Pereira, Francine A. Piubeli, Caio C. A. do Prado, and Lucia R. Grossman17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Environmental Biotechnology Areas 34717.3 Microbial Enzymes Applied in Environmental Recovery 35217.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioproduct Manufacturing 35617.5 Omics Approaches for Bioprospecting Enzymes 36017.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 374References 37518 Recent Trends in Computational Tools for Industrially Important Enzymes 383Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Hemant J. Purohit, and Nishant A. Dafale18.1 Introduction 38318.2 Strategies for Discovering Enzymes 38518.3 Computational Methods for Enzyme Function Prediction 39118.4 Conclusion 397Acknowledgments 398References 39819 Microbial Gallic Acid Decarboxylase: An Overview and Advancement in Application Potential Study Through Bioinformatics 407Ishita Biswas, Debanjan Mitra, and Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra19.1 Introduction 40719.2 Isolation and Selection of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Producing Microbes 40719.3 Purification of GAD Enzyme and Biomolecular Properties 40919.4 Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Assay 40919.5 Molecular Biological Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase with Special Reference to Human Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria 40919.6 In Silico Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase 41119.7 Discussion 41619.8 Conclusions 417References 41720 Microbial Chitinases: Potential Applications in Agriculture 421Rupali Gupta, Gautam Anand, Dinesh Yadav, and Maya Bar20.1 Introduction 42120.2 Chitin Structure and Its Degradation by Chitinases 42220.3 Microbial Sources of Chitinase 42420.4 Chitinolytic Microorganisms as Potential Biological Control Agents or Biopesticides 42520.5 Metagenomic Approaches as a Tool to Unravel New Microbial Chitinases 42820.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 429References 431Volume 2About the Editors xviiPreface xxi21 β-Glucosidase Production and Its Applications 437Vaibhav Badoni, Gaurav S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma22 Mining of Enzyme with Novel Activity Through Combination of Genomic Information andTraditional Biochemical Approach 477Yutaka Kawarabayasi23 Strategies for Discovery and Enhancement of Enzyme Function: Current Developments andOpportunities 491Menaka D. Salam, Swati Tripathi, and Simran24 Promises of Systems Biology to Better Understand the Kinetics of Industrially Important Enzymes505Koel Mukherjee, Vinod Kumar Nigam, and Santhosh Pillai25 Metagenomics: New Insight in Microbial Diagnosis 519Deepika Chaudhary, Aman Kumar, Kanisht Batra, and Sushila Maan26 Production and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer and Other Diseases535Ambuj Shahi, Girijesh K. Patel, Sushil Kumar, Madhuri Singh, Anshika Varshney, and Uday C. Ghoshal27 Microbial Alkaline Protease: Production, Purification, and Applications 569Degafneh Tadesse, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, and Chandran Masi28 Microbial Lipases in Modern Detergency: Sources, Production, and Application 593Shashwat Katiyar and Nand Lal29 Production of Inulin Oligosaccharides from Microbial Inulinases and Their Applications 613Priyanka, Hemant Ghai, and Wamik Azmi30 Characterization of Phytopathogen’s Tannase as a Virulence Factor 637Richa Naredi and Kanti P. Sharma31 Mycozyme-based Functional Oligosaccharides 647Suresh Nath, Hemant K. Rawat, Aamir Khan, and Naveen Kango32 Microbial Laccases: Structure, Function, and Applications 665Supriya Gupta, Aiman Tanveer, Shruti Dwivedi, Vivek Kumar Morya, Manoj Kumar Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav33 Microbial ACC Deaminase: Stress Modulators in Plants 697Lalita Pal, Vikas Dwivedi, Vikrant Dwivedi, and Diwakar M. Tripathi34 Ligninolytic Enzyme: Microbial Sources, Production, Purification, and Biotechnological Applications721Rohida A. Hoque, Meera Yadav, and Hardeo S. Yadav35 Bioinformatic-driven Research in Microbial Enzymes: An Overview 739Kanchan Yadav, Varsha Rani, Gautam Anand, Umesh Yadava, and Dinesh Yadav36 Food Waste and By-products: An Opportunity to Produce Enzymes for Industrial Applications 761Manoj Tripathi, Ajay Yadav, Dilip Pawar, Rajpal S. Jadam, and RahulM.Srivastva37 Recombinant DNA Technology in the Improvement of Microbial Enzyme Production (Online)Index783

Dr. Dinesh Yadav, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology at Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. Dr. Pankaj Chowdhary, PhD, President, Society for Green Environment (SGE) at New Delhi, India. Dr. Gautam Anand, PhD, post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel Dr. Rajarshi Kumar Gaur, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

• Volume 1About the Editors xixPreface xxiii1 Xylanases: Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 1Mariana Delgado-Garcia, Lizeth G. Campos-Muzquiz, Rocio G. Castillo-Godina, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Beatriz del C. Cutiño-Laguna, and Raul Rodriguez-Herrera1.1 Introduction 11.2 Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 31.3 Structure 51.4 Xylanases as Biocatalyst 81.5 Genomics Studies on Xylanases 111.6 Xylanases as a Promising Enzyme for Industrial Applications 131.7 Industrial Food Applications 141.8 Future Trends 171.9 Conclusions 19Acknowledgment 19References 202 Exploration of the Microbial Urease and Their Industrial Applications 31Jackson Khedia, Rupali Gupta, and Gautam Anand2.1 Urease Enzyme and Its History 312.2 Urea Hydrolysis 312.3 Sources and Molecular Attributes of Urease Enzyme 322.4 Urease Purification 332.5 Applications of Urease Enzyme 362.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 40References 413 Methane Monooxygenase Production and Its Limitations 47Gaurav S. Rana, Neetika Naudiyal, Vaibhav Badoni, Amit S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma3.1 Introduction 473.2 Classes of MMO 483.3 Structure and Active Site of MMO 503.4 Mechanism of Action 523.5 Regulation of MMO 543.6 Sources of MMO 543.7 Genetic Engineering of MMOs 553.8 MMO Production 573.9 Applications of MMO and Methanotrophs 583.10 Limitations in MMO Production 613.11 Conclusion 61References 624 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Eco-sustainable Development Toward a Green World 67Abhijeet W. Singh, Ramendra Soni, Arun K. Pal, Jayant Kashyap, Pooja Tripathi, and Vijay Tripathi4.1 Introduction 674.2 Structure, Classification, and Properties of PHAs 694.3 Production and Synthesis of PHAs 704.4 Applications of PHAs in the Health Sector 714.5 Tissue Engineering 714.6 Bio-implantation Patches 724.7 Drug Delivery 724.8 Surgical Applications 724.9 Orthopedic Applications 734.10 Industrial Applications of PHAs 734.11 Agricultural Applications 754.12 Conclusion and Future Prospective 76Acknowledgments 77References 785 An Insight into Production Strategies for Microbial Pectinases: An Overview 87Shruti Dwivedi, Gautam Anand, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav5.1 Introduction 875.2 Microbial Pectinases 885.3 Microbial Pectinases: Mode of Action and Classifications 895.4 Sources of Microbial Pectinases 895.5 Production of Microbial Pectinases 955.6 Bioreactors-based Production of Microbial Pectinases 965.7 Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing Production of Microbial Pectinases 995.8 Purification of Microbial Pectinases 1015.9 Immobilization of Microbial Pectinases 1025.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 102References 1076 Hydrocarbon-degrading Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi and Their Applications 119Mark Gabriel M. Galinato and Adeline Su Yien Ting6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution 1206.2.1 Hydrocarbons 1206.2.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution and Management 1216.3 Mangrove Environments 1236.4 Mangrove-associated Fungi as Hydrocarbon Degraders 1266.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi 1316.6 Applications and Future Prospects 1356.7 Conclusion 138References 1387 Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes Production and Their Applications 149Gebiru Sinshaw, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, Gessesse K. Bekele, and Mesfin T. Gemeda7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Sources of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes 1507.3 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industries 1547.4 Challenges and Future Trends of Microbial Enzymes 1637.5 Conclusion 164List of Abbreviations 164Authors’ Contributions 164Acknowledgments 165References 1658 Peroxidases: Role in Bioremediation 173Huda Afreen, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Classification of Peroxidases 1768.3 Applications of Different Peroxidases for Environmental Pollution Management 1778.4 Conclusion 183Acknowledgment 183References 1839 Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidase and Its Significance in Therapeutics 189Vinita Yadav9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Sources 1909.3 Substrate Specificity and Optimality 1909.4 Isolation of Microbial Strains for Producing α-L-Rhamnosidase Enzyme 1969.5 Assay Method 1969.6 Purification Method 1989.7 Biochemical Properties and Application of α-L-Rhamnosidase 1999.8 Summary 201References 20210 The Use of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industries: A Global Perspective 207Hina Radadiya, Rajesh Patel, and Ramesh Kothari10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Global Perspective and Demand for Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 20810.3 Production of Industrial Enzymes 20910.4 Approach to Boost Properties of Microbial Enzymes 21110.5 Microbial Enzymes in Food Industries 21210.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219References 22011 Alkane Hydroxylases: Sources and Applications 225Sangeeta Negi and Satyapriy Das11.1 Introduction 22511.2 Sources of Alkane Hydroxylases 22711.3 Production, Purification, and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases 22911.4 Applications of Alkane Hydroxylases 23111.5 Future Prospects 23511.6 Conclusion 236References 23612 An Overview of Production of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases and Their Industrial Applications 243Sushil K. Singh, Arya Sahu, Manish S. Rajput, and Nand Lal12.1 Introduction 24312.2 Structure of Laccase 24512.3 Mode of Action 24712.4 Sources of Laccase 24812.5 Substrates, Mediators, and Screening of Laccases 25012.6 Production of Bacterial Laccases 25112.7 Production of Fungal Laccases 25412.8 Applications of Laccases 25412.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 260References 26013 Magic of Microbial Enzymes: Earthworm’s Gut as a Bioreactor 273Jayanta K. Biswas and Anurupa Banerjee13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Classification of Enzymes 27413.3 Earthworms: Intestines of the Earth 27513.4 Earthworms and Their Relation with Microbes and Enzymes 27713.5 Importance of Enzymes Related to Earthworms and the Associated Microorganisms 27813.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 283References 28414 Proteases from Thermophilic Bacteria: Their Significant Characteristics and Recombinant Production 293Nitin Srivastava, Sumit Kumar, and Sunil K. Khare14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Thermophilic Bacteria 29414.3 Thermophilic Proteases 29714.4 Stability of Thermophilic Proteases and Underlying Mechanisms 29814.5 Significance of Thermophilic Proteases 29914.6 Recombinant Thermophilic Protease Production Strategies and Related Challenges 30014.7 Enzyme Engineering Strategies 30114.8 Applications 30214.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303References 30415 Mining and Redesigning of Microbial Enzymes for the Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides 309Fauzia Parween and Rinkoo D. Gupta15.1 Introduction 30915.2 Selection of the Starting Gene 31015.3 DNA Level Processes for the Creation of Gene Library 31215.4 Screening of the Gene Library 31515.5 Characterization of Designed Enzymes 31815.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 320List of Abbreviations 321References 32116 Use of Omics Tools Toward the Discovery of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 329Neelam A. Kungwani, Simran Dani, and Gunjan Sharma16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Biotechnological Applications of Key Fungal Enzymes 33016.3 Biotechnological Potential of Fungal Metabolites 33316.4 In Silico Tools for Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites Prediction 33516.5 Use of In Silico Tools for the Prediction of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 33816.6 Implications and Limitations of the In Silico Studies in Fungal Biology 33916.7 Conclusions and Prospects 339References 33917 Bioprospecting of Microbial Enzymes with Application in Environmental Biotechnology: An Omic Approach 345Maricy R. L. Bonfá, Rodrigo M. Pereira, Francine A. Piubeli, Caio C. A. do Prado, and Lucia R. Grossman17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Environmental Biotechnology Areas 34717.3 Microbial Enzymes Applied in Environmental Recovery 35217.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioproduct Manufacturing 35617.5 Omics Approaches for Bioprospecting Enzymes 36017.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 374References 37518 Recent Trends in Computational Tools for Industrially Important Enzymes 383Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Hemant J. Purohit, and Nishant A. Dafale18.1 Introduction 38318.2 Strategies for Discovering Enzymes 38518.3 Computational Methods for Enzyme Function Prediction 39118.4 Conclusion 397Acknowledgments 398References 39819 Microbial Gallic Acid Decarboxylase: An Overview and Advancement in Application Potential Study Through Bioinformatics 407Ishita Biswas, Debanjan Mitra, and Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra19.1 Introduction 40719.2 Isolation and Selection of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Producing Microbes 40719.3 Purification of GAD Enzyme and Biomolecular Properties 40919.4 Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Assay 40919.5 Molecular Biological Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase with Special Reference to Human Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria 40919.6 In Silico Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase 41119.7 Discussion 41619.8 Conclusions 417References 41720 Microbial Chitinases: Potential Applications in Agriculture 421Rupali Gupta, Gautam Anand, Dinesh Yadav, and Maya Bar20.1 Introduction 42120.2 Chitin Structure and Its Degradation by Chitinases 42220.3 Microbial Sources of Chitinase 42420.4 Chitinolytic Microorganisms as Potential Biological Control Agents or Biopesticides 42520.5 Metagenomic Approaches as a Tool to Unravel New Microbial Chitinases 42820.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 429References 431Volume 2About the Editors xviiPreface xxi21 β-Glucosidase Production and Its Applications 437Vaibhav Badoni, Gaurav S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma22 Mining of Enzyme with Novel Activity Through Combination of Genomic Information andTraditional Biochemical Approach 477Yutaka Kawarabayasi23 Strategies for Discovery and Enhancement of Enzyme Function: Current Developments andOpportunities 491Menaka D. Salam, Swati Tripathi, and Simran24 Promises of Systems Biology to Better Understand the Kinetics of Industrially Important Enzymes505Koel Mukherjee, Vinod Kumar Nigam, and Santhosh Pillai25 Metagenomics: New Insight in Microbial Diagnosis 519Deepika Chaudhary, Aman Kumar, Kanisht Batra, and Sushila Maan26 Production and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer and Other Diseases535Ambuj Shahi, Girijesh K. Patel, Sushil Kumar, Madhuri Singh, Anshika Varshney, and Uday C. Ghoshal27 Microbial Alkaline Protease: Production, Purification, and Applications 569Degafneh Tadesse, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, and Chandran Masi28 Microbial Lipases in Modern Detergency: Sources, Production, and Application 593Shashwat Katiyar and Nand Lal29 Production of Inulin Oligosaccharides from Microbial Inulinases and Their Applications 613Priyanka, Hemant Ghai, and Wamik Azmi30 Characterization of Phytopathogen’s Tannase as a Virulence Factor 637Richa Naredi and Kanti P. Sharma31 Mycozyme-based Functional Oligosaccharides 647Suresh Nath, Hemant K. Rawat, Aamir Khan, and Naveen Kango32 Microbial Laccases: Structure, Function, and Applications 665Supriya Gupta, Aiman Tanveer, Shruti Dwivedi, Vivek Kumar Morya, Manoj Kumar Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav33 Microbial ACC Deaminase: Stress Modulators in Plants 697Lalita Pal, Vikas Dwivedi, Vikrant Dwivedi, and Diwakar M. Tripathi34 Ligninolytic Enzyme: Microbial Sources, Production, Purification, and Biotechnological Applications721Rohida A. Hoque, Meera Yadav, and Hardeo S. Yadav35 Bioinformatic-driven Research in Microbial Enzymes: An Overview 739Kanchan Yadav, Varsha Rani, Gautam Anand, Umesh Yadava, and Dinesh Yadav36 Food Waste and By-products: An Opportunity to Produce Enzymes for Industrial Applications 761Manoj Tripathi, Ajay Yadav, Dilip Pawar, Rajpal S. Jadam, and RahulM.Srivastva37 Recombinant DNA Technology in the Improvement of Microbial Enzyme Production (Online)Index783