Arnim von Stechow – författare

No detailed description available for "Meaning, Use, and Interpretation of Language".

During the past 20 years the investigation into meaning of natural languages has emerged into one of the most active disciplines in theoretical linguistics. The different traditions of linguistics, philosophy of language and philosophical logic converged in the paradigm of truth conditional semantics, which now plays a central role in the cognitive sciences. From empirical research in particular languages more principal questions arise of how the speaker succeeds in expressing particular types of meaning by use of formal combination of signs. The theories developed to cope with the question assume that for a hearer, the meaning of a complex expression must be "computable", and therefore, modern theoretical semantics uses formal algebraic methods to construct the meaning compositionally in view of syntactic structur. Furthermore, meaning need to be "anchored" in the experience available to hearer.In order to deal with this, theoretical semantics extensivly uses the concept of truth conditions, which roughly explain how a world must be structured in order to be matched by certain linguistic expressions. Semantic analyses are complemented by context theory and the theory of speech acts. Thus, linguistic meaning must be related to human cognitive capacities, and therefore, theoretical semantics is tightly connected with philosophical logic as well as cognitive sciences in general.The aim of this handbook is to represent the body of theoretical knowledge which has evolved in the international research of the last two decades. Some of the theories can now be termed "classical" in that they belong to the commonly accepted base of theoretical semantics. Other theories are still disputed, and there areproblems still to be solved - as normal in a more developed science. The authors, who are leading experts in the field of semantics, try to balance the accepted and the questionable results. It goes without saying that each author hold a particular position in this respect. Some articles are written in English, some in German. Since semantics is considered to be a subfield of linguistics, the articles are arranged due to linguistic points of view. In the first 5 chapters (comprising 15 articles) the common principles of semantics are presented: ontological foundations of semantics, composition of meaning, problems of use (context, speech acts, and lexical base of meaning. The next 5 chapters (comprising 25 articles) are concerned with semantic phenomena, theories and problems which are specific for a particular class of linguistic expressions. These are arranged according to parts of speech: nouns, functional categories, verbs, adjectives and so on.This division does not reflect a theoretical position by itself, however it allows one to recognize problems connected with one another. Some more general questions are discussed in more than one article, in different perspective and vicinity.The Handbook is complemented by a service article on formal methods in semantics, followed by a comprehensive bibliography including about 1700 entries, and both a subject and a name index. This handbook is indispensable for all research in linguistics and neighboring disciplines (philosophy of language, cognitive sciences). Some of the articles can serve as basic literature for classes of advanced students.

This volume contains contributions dealing with the syntax, morphology, semantics, and diachronic development of the Perfect and the components it is built on across languages. The volume brings these aspects together, working towards a comprehensive theory of the Perfect which takes into consideration the interfaces between the various components of the grammar. Issues addressed include: the temporal vs. aspectual character of the perfect, the contribution of adverbial modification, the structure of the perfect participle.

No detailed description available for "SYNTAX (JACOBS U.A.) HSK 9.2 E-BOOK".

During the past 20 years the investigation into meaning of natural languages has emerged into one of the most active disciplines in theoretical linguistics. The different traditions of linguistics, philosophy of language and philosophical logic converged in the paradigm of truth conditional semantics, which now plays a central role in the cognitive sciences. From empirical research in particular languages more principal questions arise of how the speaker succeeds in expressing particular types of meaning by use of formal combination of signs. The theories developed to cope with the question assume that for a hearer, the meaning of a complex expression must be "computable", and therefore, modern theoretical semantics uses formal algebraic methods to construct the meaning compositionally in view of syntactic structur. Furthermore, meaning need to be "anchored" in the experience available to hearer.

In order to deal with this, theoretical semantics extensivly uses the concept of truth conditions, which roughly explain how a world must be structured in order to be matched by certain linguistic expressions. Semantic analyses are complemented by context theory and the theory of speech acts. Thus, linguistic meaning must be related to human cognitive capacities, and therefore, theoretical semantics is tightly connected with philosophical logic as well as cognitive sciences in general.

The aim of this handbook is to represent the body of theoretical knowledge which has evolved in the international research of the last two decades. Some of the theories can now be termed "classical" in that they belong to the commonly accepted base of theoretical semantics. Other theories are still disputed, and there areproblems still to be solved - as normal in a more developed science. The authors, who are leading experts in the field of semantics, try to balance the accepted and the questionable results. It goes without saying that each author hold a particular position in this respect. Some articles are written in English, some in German. Since semantics is considered to be a subfield of linguistics, the articles are arranged due to linguistic points of view. In the first 5 chapters (comprising 15 articles) the common principles of semantics are presented: ontological foundations of semantics, composition of meaning, problems of use (context, speech acts, and lexical base of meaning. The next 5 chapters (comprising 25 articles) are concerned with semantic phenomena, theories and problems which are specific for a particular class of linguistic expressions. These are arranged according to parts of speech: nouns, functional categories, verbs, adjectives and so on.This division does not reflect a theoretical position by itself, however it allows one to recognize problems connected with one another. Some more general questions are discussed in more than one article, in different perspective and vicinity.

The Handbook is complemented by a service article on formal methods in semantics, followed by a comprehensive bibliography including about 1700 entries, and both a subject and a name index. This handbook is indispensable for all research in linguistics and neighboring disciplines (philosophy of language, cognitive sciences). Some of the articles can serve as basic literature for classes of advanced students.

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "SYNTAX (JACOBS ET AL.) HSK 9.1 E-BOOK" verfügbar.

No detailed description available for "e;Meaning, Use, and Interpretation of Language"e;.

This volume contains contributions dealing with the syntax, morphology, semantics, and diachronic development of the Perfect and the components it is built on across languages. The volume brings these aspects together, working towards a comprehensive theory of the Perfect which takes into consideration the interfaces between the various components of the grammar. Issues addressed include: the temporal vs. aspectual character of the perfect, the contribution of adverbial modification, the structure of the perfect participle.

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Linda Stark: Künstliche Intelligenz und Kommasetzung: Wie normkonform interpungieren KI-basierte Programme?Abstract: The use of commas in German is an orthographic area in which deviations from the official standard and variants are frequently observed. They correspond to a pronounced uncertainty among human writers, which seems mostly to be due to the limited applicability of static grammatical knowledge. Since the application of grammatical knowledge is largely required to look up comma rules and put them into practice in an individual text, uncertain writers often lack help with their comma questions. For this problem, Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be a solution, as numerous freely available AI-based applications on the internet promise to correct punctuation in free written texts. This article presents an empirical study with 10 open-source AI (correction) tools: On the basis of a text with 386 comma positions it examines the extent to which these AI tools deliver on the promise of standard-compliant comma placement. By systemizing the observable deviations from the official standard, it is argued that the investigated tools adhere – as well as humans do – to lexical text criteria when placing commas. This lexical view on comma placement helps explain why AI outperforms humans in some comma domains and underperforms in others.– Si-Taek Yu: Die graphotaktische Funktion des Dehnungs-h im DeutschenAbstract: This study proposes a novel theoretical interpretation of the so-called Dehnungs- in German orthography. In contrast to the traditional view that the grapheme merely marks vowel length, the analysis suggests that serves a structural purpose: it signals the non-syllabic realization of the following sonorant. This function accounts for the restriction that only one sonorant may follow and explains why sequences such as are inadmissible within monomorphemic words. The study argues that functions as a grapho-tactic boundary, blocking morphological extensions and preventing homonym formation be-tween monosyllabic and morphologically complex bisyllabic forms. Only when and the sonorant belong to different morphemes is a sequence like permissible. Thus, the study reveals a previously overlooked function of , aligning graphematic, phonological, and morphological constraints within a unified structural framework.Praktisches aus Forschung und Lehre– Ilka Lemke, Katharina Böhnert & Mario Voß: Schreiben vs. tippen – eine explorative Studie zur analogen und digitalen Kommasetzung von MathematikstudierendenAbstract: The present study explores the use of commas by students who did not receive explicit orthography instructions during their studies, comparing handwriting and keyboard typing as writing mediums. Twenty-two mathematics students participated in the study and were presented with two texts containing similar comma-sensitive passages via a dictation app. They then had to either handwrite or type these texts. The qualitative and descriptive statistical results show minimal differences regarding the writing medium: in the handwritten part, there are only more extreme variations in the correct placement of commas, both upwards and downwards. The evaluation of comma categories and type of comma-sensitive structures provided particularly interesting findings: in both writing conditions – handwriting and keyboard typing – prepositional groups were strikingly often separated by commas, seemingly for emphasis or as insertions. Syntactic Vorfeld structures were irregularly comma-sensitive; in some cases, especially infinitive groups were not correctly separated by commas.

AbstractsDehé, Nicole, Braun, Bettina, Einfeldt, Marieke, Wochner, Daniela, Zahner-Ritter, Katharina: The prosody of rhetorical questions: a cross-linguistic view.This paper provides a survey of our knowledge of the prosody of rhetorical questions, i.e. questions that do not require an answer and try to commit the listener to the presupposed answer, as compared to the prosody of string-identical genuine, information seeking-questions. The survey includes semantic literature on questions, corpus data, and experimental evidence from production and perception experiments. It covers a range of typologically different languages (German, English, Icelandic, Italian, Standard Chinese, Cantonese, Japanese, French) that have different word-level and phrase-level characteristics. The main finding is that rhetorical and information seeking questions differ reliably in terms of the following prosodic characteristics: (i) f0-features (e.g., position and type of pitch accent, type of boundary tone, as well as more global f0-parameters, depending on language type); (ii) duration / speaking rate (rhetorical questions are typically longer / produced with slower speaking rate than information-seeking questions). Often, but not always, rhetorical questions are produced with non-modal voice quality.Breul, Carsten: If a man buys a horse, … you have no argument against material implication: on a flaw in the foundations of the restrictor approach to conditionals.The paper discusses a prominent one of Kratzer''s (1986, 1991, 2012) arguments against material implication analyses of the denotation of (indicative) conditional sentences. This is the argument based on the sentence Most of the time, if a man buys a horse, he pays cash for it. It is shown that material implication makes a prediction that does conform to speakers'' intuitions, contrary to Kratzer''s claim. The paper also argues that Lewis''s (1975) attack on material implication analyses of conditional sentences based on examples where the conditional is embedded under the adverbials sometimes and never does not have much force given that the interpretation of such sentences is subject to inferential pragmatic operations in addition to the recovery of their denotation.Reinken, Niklas: Funktionalisierte Variation in Handschriften.In contrast to printed letters, handwritten texts show a larger amount of variation regarding letter shape and letter contact. This variation though might not be totally random but could follow a certain grammatical or structural function. By analysing a corpus of 10.117 graphs written by four writers, this paper explores which structures and which functions correlate. More precisely, it will be shown that the shape of certain letters might indicate syllabic, morphologic od prosodic structures. In addition, it will be shown that handwritten texts present the words'' structure better than printed texts could do. Overall, this paper points out how handwritten scripts show the graphematic principles known from printing even better than printed texts do.Speyer, Augustin: Rezension: Sylvie Hancil, Tine Breban & José Vicente Lozano (Hgg.) (2018): New trends in grammaticalization and language change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Balnat, Vincent: Rezension: Stephan Stein & Sören Stumpf (2019): Muster in Sprache und Kommunikation. Eine Einführung in Konzepte sprachlicher Vorgeformtheit. Berlin: Erich Schmidt (= Grundlagen der Germanistik 63).Hüttemann, Maurice, Rödel, Michael: Rezension: Anica Betz & Angelina Firstein (Hgg.) (2019): Schülerinnen und Schülern Linguistik näher bringen. Perspektiven einer linguistischen Wissenschaftspropädeutik. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Hohengehren.Klaus, Müllner: Informationen und Hinweise.

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung:– Dennis Wegner, Marcel Schlechtweg & Holden Härtl: Optionality and the recovery of temporal information in German verb clusters.Abstract: While the clause-final placement of finite elements is usually quite rigid in German embedded clauses, verbal clusters mark an exception in that they allow finite temporal auxiliaries to be placed linearly before the verbal elements they embed. The prescriptive rules of Standard German suggest that there is optionality with respect to the two ordering possibilities at least in future clauses. However, previous studies have shown that this also holds for perfect clauses with lassen (''let''). Based on two experimental studies focussing on verbal clusters with continuative lassen (''let'') and perception verbs, which supposedly have similar properties, the present paper aims at investigating a) whether there really is proper optionality with respect to placing the finite auxiliary in a cluster-initial or clause-final position, and b) whether preposing the temporal auxiliary induces advantages for the processing of temporal information.– Jürgen Pafel: Konditionale und minimale Differenz.Abstract: Counterfactuals invite us to imagine a course of the world in which certain state-of-affairs obtain which might be contrary to fact, but which is otherwise identical to the real course of the world. They invite us to imagine a minimal different course of the world. Minimal difference is an essential ingredient of many, perhaps most, semantic accounts of counterfactuals. They differ in the way they conceptualize minimal difference. I present a definition of ''minimal different course of the world'' after discussing many scenarios in detail, with respect to which certain counterfactuals are supposed to be true or false. Minimal difference means that, as for a ''counterfactual'' course of the world, everything is as it actually is except that (i) the counterfactual''s antecedent is true and (ii) state-of-affair obtain which are possible in virtue of (i) and the regularities of the world. With this background, the truth condition of a counterfactual can be stated as follows: It is true if the consequent is true in every course of the world in which the antecedent is true, and which is minimal different from the actual course of the world. This kind of truth condition is argued to be adequate for singular indicative conditionals too. Various problems concerning this extension are discussed. A closer look at the pragmatics of counterfactuals exhibits a variety of different ''implications'', whose status is partially unclear. Finally, I discuss the prospects of extending the minimal-difference semantics of conditionals to causals.Rezensionen:– Anastasia Bauer: Kimmelman, Vadim (2019): Information structure in sign languages. Evidence from Russian Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands. Berlin: De Gruyter and Ishara Press.– Vladimir Krstić: Meibauer, Jörg (ed.) (2019): The Oxford handbook of lying. Oxford: Oxford University Press.– Antonios Tsiknakis: Müller, Sonja (2019): Die Syntax-Pragmatik-Schnittstelle. Ein Studienbuch. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto.Informationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Jürg Fleischer: "Qualität hat seinen Preis Preis": Genus-insensitives ''sein'' im Gegenwartsdeutschen.Abstract: The German possessive ''sein'' is usually classified as a pronoun of the 3rd person singular masculine and neuter. However, in the grammatical literature some descriptions of ''sein'' instead of an expected 3rd person singular feminine possessive pronoun ''ihr'' referring to feminine antecedents can be found. Based on search queries in the German Reference Corpus DeReKo it is shown that the phenomenon can be empirically established. While certain collocations displaying a high amount of neuter pronoun antecedents might be favorable for the use of ''sein'' (alles [neuter] hat seinen Preis ''everything has its price'' > Qualität [feminine] hat seinen Preis ''quality has its price''), it turns out that the semantics of the antecedent is decisive. In most examples, the feminine antecedent is an inanimate noun. This suggests that ''sein'' is underlyingly unmarked with respect to gender, while the feminine ''ihr'' is primarily a pronoun denoting female sex and only secondarily feminine gender.– Irene Rapp & Raphaela Wolman: Lüge, Irrtum und Missverständnis: Kommunikation Missverständnis: Kommunikationsstörungen in einem erweiterten Common Ground Ground-Modell.Abstract: In this paper we will argue that the analysis of lies, fallacies, and misunderstandings requires a complex model including a heterogeneous common ground based on reportative and situational evidence (cf. Farkas & Bruce 2010) and two additional layers, beliefs and objective facts. Lies can be defined by using the concept of reportative evidence, i. e. there is a contrast between an utterance and the utterer''s beliefs. Fallacies arise if a person is mistaken with regard to the situational evidence, i. e. there is a contrast between her beliefs and the objective facts. Misunderstandings, again, refer to reportative evidence, i. e. there is a contrast between the intended meaning of an utterance and the way it is understood by the hearer. Whereas the analysis of lies proves that the common ground is based on evidence and not on mutual belief, the analysis of fallacies and misunderstandings shows that both its situational and its reportative part have to split up into one part that is clearly fixed and another part that is open to interpretation and thus endangered by these communication failures.– Antonios Tsiknakis: Zur Ungrammatikalität von [−w]-Ausdrücken in der SpecC-Position von VL-Komplementsätzen.Abstract: This article addresses the impossibility of topicalization in verb final complement clauses in German. In the first part of the paper, existing research dealing with this phenomenon is discussed. Following this, an alternative approach is suggested which is embedded in a general theory of finite verb movement to the left periphery and topicalization in interrogative and declarative clause types. In a nutshell, it will be established that both syntactic processes are trig-gered by respective clause type features whose interpretation leads to an update of the question under discussion or the common ground of the context in prototypical utterance situations. Finally, the paper is concluded with the proposition to treat the feature triggering topicalization as a functor that modifies the interpretation of the feature which is triggering verb movement and therefore presupposes its presence for reasons of interpretability.Rezensionen– Melitta Gillmann: Narrog, Heiko & Bernd Heine (2018): Grammaticalization from a typological perspective.– Jan Kerkmann: Schneider, Christian (2020): Der sprachlose Philosoph. Ludwig Wittgensteins Philosophie als lebensgeschichtliche Selbstreflexion.Informationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Jörg Meibauer: Konzepte des unwahrhaftigen Implikatierens – Realistisches Lügenkonzept und die Verpflichtung auf die Wahrheit konversationeller Implikaturen.Abstract: A realistic concept of lying is one that comprises the levels of semantics and pragmatics, and, within pragmatics, speech act theory and implicature theory. Moreover, it focuses on communicated meaning as understood by an average discourse participant. This paper discusses whether lying is regarded by the folk as not only insincerely asserting a false-believed content but also untruthfully implicating a content. Since this is a matter of dispute, recent experimental results on this question are discussed. It turns out that the speaker''s commitment to a content is what ultimately matters when judgments about deceptive acts are made.– Irene Rapp & Raphaela Wolman: Inszenierte Ironie: Lügen, Irrtümer und Missverständnisse in einem fusionierten Common-Ground-Modell.Abstract: The aim of this paper is to establish a common ground model for multi-layered communication in drama. In particular, we will focus on the concept of irony. We will show that in drama ironic effects can be achieved by presenting lies, fallacies or misunderstandings. Whilst these phenomena are communication failures in the internal communication system, they lead to second-order implicatures in the outer communication system, i. e. the communication system between text and audience. In Rapp & Wolman (2020a) an evidence-based common ground model was presented in order to describe communications failures in single-layered communication. To capture the interaction of an inner and an outer communication system we will combine their parts in a specific manner: whereas the discourse commitments are taken from the inner system, all other components (common ground, beliefs, facts) belong to the outer system. Importantly, the outer system also includes second-order implicatures arising from communication failures in the inner system. We will illustrate this model by examining crucial passages of the bourgeois tragedy Kabale und Liebe by Friedrich Schiller.Praktisches aus Forschung und Lehre– Felicitas Otte, Elena Jahn, Cornelia Loos, Julian Bleicken & Annika Herrmann: The DGS corpus as a linguistic resource: student research and beyond.Abstract: This paper has two objectives: we provide a detailed description of the DGS corpus, the largest existing collection of German Sign Language (DGS) data, and we show how such a corpus may be and already has been used as a resource for linguistic research in academic settings. In the first part, we describe where and how the Public DGS Corpus can be accessed, the types of elicitation tasks and formats that were used for data collection, and the regional and sociolinguistic background of the participants. Taking into account which phonetic, morpho-syntactic, and lexical information has been annotated thus far, we then make suggestions for a wide range of applications of the corpus in phonetic, morphological, syntactic, information structural, sociolinguistic, and typological studies of DGS. Lastly, we summarize the methodologies and results of selected research projects that are based on the DGS corpus.Rezensionen– Robert Mroczynski: Neuhaus, Laura (2019): Linguistik der Litotes im Deutschen – Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik einer ''nicht uninteressanten'' Redefigur.– Fabian Ehrmantraut: Pafel, Jürgen (2020): Referenz.– Said Sahel: Selmani, Lirim (2020): Adjektiv.Informationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Vorwort der RedaktionBeiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Ewa Trutkowski & Helmut Weiß: Zeugen gesucht! Zur Geschichte des generischen Maskulinums im Deutschen.Abstract: On the basis of synchronic and diachronic data, we argue that in the human domain German masculine nouns commonly display a "non-male" generic interpretation which we take as evidence for a separation of syntactic and semantic gender: synchronically, we show that agreement differences between masculine and feminine nouns cannot be traced back to their semantic gender since nouns without sex specification (as e.g. feminine Person (person) or masculine Mensch (human being)) behave just as differently as nouns with sex specification. In the diachronic part, we prove that the so-called generic masculine is a stable and well-documented phenomenon in the grammatical system of German at least since the Old High German period. To substantiate this claim, we present numerous historical examples for the generic use of masculine nouns such as Gast (guest), Nachbar (neighbour), and Sünder (sinner). These nouns allow us to look at the particular language use without confounding it with the sociological problem of women''s lack of professional integration in the past.– Jonas Romstadt & Niklas Reinken: Alles eine Frage der Form? Kommaformen in Handschriften und ihre funktionale Relevanz.Abstract: There are strict formal requirements for the use of a comma. However, there are none regarding the comma''s actual shape. In printed fonts, it is determined by the font''s specification. In handwritten texts though, the shape of the comma is variable; most writers choose from a set of straight, convex and concave shapes. By using a corpus of 1464 commas written by 99 individuals, we will present three case studies of persons whose comma shapes do somehow correlate with linguistic structures. With that, we might identify a few (possibly subconscious) shaping strategies. Some writers might mark a norm insecurity by a different comma form, others might mark the function of the entity which is segmented by the comma, or the comma type itself (sentence boundary, exposition or coordination).– Vincent Jixin Wang: Direkte versus indirekte Wahrnehmung: eine Fallstudie über spüren.Abstract: The German perception verb spüren ("feel"), patterning with other perception verbs such as sehen ("see") or hören ("hear"), exhibits various kinds of complement type to be selected. In this paper, I exploit a type-based compositional semantics in Asher (2011) to account for these cases. I propose a unified lexicon entry for spüren, which captures three essential semantic properties: First, the direct target of spüren are either special tropes (Moltmann, 2007, 2013) which are considered as concrete manifestations of a particular property associated with sensorial stimuli (r-TRO, e. g., bitterness, warmness), or events which can trigger tactile stimuli (t-EVT, e. g., earthquake, vibration). Second, the process of spüren always depends on the epistemic state of the subject of perception. Third, spüren involves an evidence-relation indicating that its target property should be an accessible evidence for the experiencer''s identifying it or inferring something through it. In case of spüren, two kinds of perception should be distinguished: The direct perception based on sensorially triggered evidence, and the indirect perception representing an inference-based and cognitive process. Formally, the former is reflected in the regular composition, while in the latter case coercion is interpolated.– Yasunori Sumidai: Unterschiedliche Verwendungsweisen mit einer einheitlichen Funktion: aber als operative Anweisung für die Interpretation der nachfolgenden Äußerung.Abstract: The conjunction aber (≃ but) is said to have meanings such as semantic opposition, denial of expectation, or opposite evaluations.

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Emanuela Sanfelici: On the strength of D0: case resolution phenomena in free relative clausesAbstract: This paper proposes a novel account of free relative clauses (RCs), which associates case resolution patterns to the typology of D0 heads à la Longobardi (1994), Guardiano & Longobardi (2005). Although free RCs generally obey matching requirements, certain languages tolerate configurations where the case assigned by the matrix clause to the nominal phrase containing the free RC conflicts with that assigned within the RC. Languages vary as to whether they allow for case conflicting configurations and apply case resolution, and, if they do, as to whether the case conflict is resolved in compliance with that assigned from the matrix or the RC probe. By adopting a cartographic approach to free RCs, I account for the linguistic variation by means of two ingredients: (a) the property of the D0 head in a given language, strong vs. weak D0, and, in turn, of the feature-sharing mechanisms between D0 and the lower heads; (b) the operation of chain reduction phrased in terms of a subset relation.– Christian Hugo Hoffmann: Die Philosophie der Philosophie: Was zeichnet genuin philosophische Fragen aus?Abstract: Philosophy cannot be studied without becoming engaged in philosophy itself. Taking Timothy Williamson''s seminal work "The Philosophy of Philosophy" as a point of departure for this analysis at hand, and a specific question therein, in his book, presented by him as genuinely philosophical, we discuss in this paper what characterizes distinguished philosophical questions and what does not. While Williamson responds critically to the so-called linguistic and conceptual turn considered central to (analytic) philosophy by con-tending that his chosen question, representative of many more, is philosophical but not even implicitly meta-linguistic or meta-conceptual, our contribution is different and three-fold: first, in homage to Williamson, we show that he might not achieve his argumentative goal. Going beyond the limited framework set by his monograph, we further argue, second and more generally, that the predicate "being a philosophical question" (such as his model question) suffers from vagueness. Finally, third, we derive implications from our investigation for the meta-philosophical answers of the Linguistic and Conceptual Turns.– Alexander Horn: Sprachgeschichtliche Stolperstellen im Geschichtscomic MOSAIK und ihr didaktisches Potential für den Deutschunterricht.Abstract: Up to now, comics have mainly been used for teaching literature. In this article, approaches of language teaching methodology for the use of comics in German classes are presented. Using the example of the history comic Mosaik, the article discusses different variants of language-historical staging. The didactic potential subsequently shown illustrates how comics can be used in language teaching to promote both vocabulary acquisition and the development of language criticism competence and thus the formation of language awareness among students.Rezensionen– Anja Müller: Fuchs, Julia (2020): Erwerb von Informationsstrukturellen Fähigkeiten – Produktion und Rezeption von (in)definiten Artikeln bei deutschsprachigen Kindern.– Niklas Reinken: Andreas, Renate & Michael Andreas (2020): Praxis-Fachbuch für den kompetenten Rechtschreibunterricht. Neue Erkenntnisse – Neue WegeInformationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Aktuelle Tendenzen in der Linguistik– Fabian Bross: Zur Syntax der Negation im DeutschenAbstract: The goal of the present article is a syntactic description of different types of negation in German. To be more precise, this article deals with sentential negation, constituent negation, and two types of contrastive negation. First, several tests are introduced to differentiate between sentential, constituent, and contrastive negation. Then, the different types of negation will be analyzed. While it is generally assumed in the literature that sentential negation in German is located directly above the VP, this article argues that there are reasons to believe that sentential negation is located in a higher position in-between tense and the VP. Additionally, it will be proposed that constituent negation is not a type of negation on its own right, but a special instance of sentential negation taking scope inside of a propositional expression which is embedded in a clause. Concerning contrastive negation, data will be presented suggesting that it comes in two flavors: contrastive constituent negation and contrastive sentential negation. It is argued that with contrastive constituent negation the whole negated constituent is moved into a position above tense, while with contrastive sentential negation there is no movement of a constituent, but a structurally high position for this kind of negation taking wide scope.Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Zhen Zeng: Die Modalverben können und dürfen sowie ihre Übersetzungsmöglichkeiten im modernen ChinesischAbstract: This article focuses on the modal verbs können and dürfen and their translational equivalents in modern Chinese. In the theoretical part, the modal verbs können and dürfen are compared to the Chinese equivalents néng/nénggòu, huì and kĕyĭ. This section shows the similarities and differences between können and dürfen and their Chinese equivalents. The following empirical investigations are intended to find out other Chinese translation options for können and dürfen as well as other German translation options for néng/nénggòu, huì and kĕyĭ. Two novels from German and modern Chinese serve as analysis data basis, so that translations from German into Chinese and from Chinese into German are the main focus of the study. The results obtained through the analysis can be used by Chinese translators with German as their first language to translate können and dürfen. In addition, German learners of Chinese can familiarize themselves with the modality types and the use of können and dürfen.– Hans-Martin Gärtner & Beáta Gyuris: On further delimiting the space of bias profiles for polar interrogativesAbstract: In Gärtner & Gyuris (2017) we defined the "bias profileˮ of an individual polar interrogative clause type as a non-empty choice from the power sets of evidential bias options and epistemic bias options for each of its expressive instantiations as positive polar question (PPQ), and negative polar questions with inside (IN-NPQ) and outside negation (ON-NPQ) in the sense of Ladd (1981). By simple arithmetic we predicted the existence of (7x7)^3 = 117649 such bias profiles.We then explored the "spaceˮ of bias profiles and demonstrated a numerical reduction to just (4x2)^3 = 512 permissible types. This was based on differential choices from the sets of evidential and epistemic biases, formulated in terms of the principle of Static Complementarity (together with the principle of Convexity). In the current brief note, we will show how to considerably cut down options further by in addition imposing a bi-uniqueness constraint on the evidential bias of IN-NPQs.

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Nanna Fuhrhop, Niklas Reinken & Jonas Romstadt: Der ''modalisierende'' Gebrauch von Anführungszeichen in AbiturklausurenAbstract: Quotation marks are substantially used for direct speech and citations. For the ''modalizing'' use, the Official Rules state that a "different understanding than usual" is indicated; they give very little information on the use of quotation marks beyond literal reference. It therefore seems all the more interesting to investigate the usage of modalizing quotation marks. In the present analysis, we studied the school-leaving examinations of an entire year. School-leaving examinations are texts by persons whose institutional acquisition of written language can be regarded as complete; they are texts written by skilled writers. The investigation takes into account both formal and functional observations. We recognized differences between school subjects that can be interpreted with regard to the concept of educational language. The writers described here showed a high sensitivity (conscious or unconscious) to the use of quotation marks, which we call the "struggle for educational language". This may be related to the corpus investigated here. However, our study constitutes a solid basis for further corpus studies on quotation marks.– Juliane Schwab, Jutta L. Mueller & Mingya Liu: Dimensions of variation in sentence comprehension: a case study on understating negative polarity items in GermanAbstract: Despite the rich theoretical and empirical literature on negative polarity items (NPIs) in general, understating NPIs like all that or much have received relatively little attention in psycholinguistics. In this paper, we investigate the comprehension, processing, and production of two such understating NPIs in German, namely ''sonderlich'' (''particularly'') and ''so recht'' (''really''). In a first experiment, using self-paced reading and naturalness ratings, we found that ''sonderlich'', contrary to ''so recht'', was rated as natural in affirmative contexts although this environment is incompatible with NPIs. The finding is subsequently extended to the domain of sentence production, demonstrating that ''so recht'' was consistently used as NPI, but ''sonderlich'' was not. The last two experiments investigate the factors underlying this finding, showing that the surprising patterns for ''sonderlich'' may relate to its susceptibility for interference from form- and meaning-related lexical competitors during tasks that strain cognitive resources, and, to some extent, to individual differences in participants'' language aptitude measured through print exposure. Based on the novel empirical data, we discuss the theoretical status of ''sonderlich'' and ''so recht'' as understating NPIs, on the one hand, and the cognitive mechanisms affecting retrieval of their NPI-related lexical-semantic features, on the other.Rezensionen– Sophie Ellsäßer: Magali Paquot & Stefan Th. Gries (Hgg.) (2020): A practical handbook of corpus linguistics– Okan Kubus: Gary Morgan (ed.) (2020): Understanding deafness, language and development– Horst M. Müller: Michael A. Arbib (Hg.) (2020): How the brain got language –towards a new road mapInformationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Milena Belosevic: Die Semantik ereignisbasierter Personennamenkomposita im DeutschenAbstract: The paper aims to account for the semantic properties of eventive personal name compounds in German (e.g. Brezel-Bush/Pretzel-Bush). These are compounds where the compound constituents are combined based on the discursive event in which the name bearer has participated. In this regard, the question arises of how the relationship between the compound constituents can be modelled given that the knowledge about the discursive event plays a central role. Starting from the corpus data collected from the German Reference Corpus (DeReKo), the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (DWDS) and Twitter (X), we test the hypothesis that the relationships between the constituents of eventive personal name compounds cannot be captured by existing approaches to the semantics of compounds. Instead we apply two frame semantics approaches to this compound type: an approach based on the German FrameNet and an approach based on Barsalou frames and show how they contribute to the linguistic operationalization of discursive events that underlie the relationship between the constituents. The analysis indicates that well-known advantages and disadvantages of both frame semantic approaches also apply to the eventive personal name compounds. Whereas the limited set of frame elements from the German FrameNet in combination with construction morphology can account for the non-compositional compound meaning, Barsalou-Frames are recursive and therefore provide better evidence for different aspects of knowledge involved in the interpretation of eventive personal name compounds.– Wei Gu: Geburtstagsglückwünsche in digitalen Dialogen: Ein Vergleich zwischen deutschsprachigen WhatsApp- und chinesischen WeChat-MessengernachrichtenAbstract: This article is a contrastive study of birthday interactions in German and Chinese on WhatsApp and WeChat, respectively. The congratulatory formulas of both languages are examined, along with communicative and culture-specific phenomena related to written languages and pictograms in digital writing. This article attempts to explain the theoretical basis of general routine formulas and formulaic language, as well as greetings in messenger writing, and linguistic cultural analysis. In addition, the author has conducted an empirical investigation. At the textual level, high-frequency expressions in German and Chinese congratulatory dialogues have been collected quantitatively and presented in two word clouds. Apart from this, concrete acts of communication in both contexts will be analyzed qualitatively. The associated image-related discussion is conducted based on an overview of the general use of image symbols in messenger messages and, in particular, of the 15 emojis that are identified to be most frequently used as non-verbal components of congratulations. This is followed by examples of the use of figurative signs and a qualitative discussion of their culture-specific characteristics. This article also identifies the relationship building in birthday congratulations in Chinese WeChat and German WhatsApp. This research explains the change of the use of emojis and stickers in messenger writing and whether new communication possibilities in messenger messages can be expected in the future.– Judith Kalinowski: ''Leichte Sprache'' in German as a foreign language: an empirical study about compound separation and pronoun useAbstract: ''Leichte Sprache'' is a variety of German that is linguistically and structurally reduced in its complexity. It intends to facilitate reading and thus to make it easier for people with poor reading skills to participate in society. The target groups of Leichte Sprache are very heterogeneous, therefore, it is an open question which target groups benefit from which rules of Leichte Sprache.

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Daniel Gutzmann & Katharina Turgay: Expressive Interpunktion!?! Interpunktion zwischen Grammatik (?) und Pragmatik!Abstract: Whereas the use of most punctuation marks is thought to be governed by grammatical rules, some punctuation marks can be used in a more expressive way that rather reflects emotions and/or attitudes of the writer instead of grammatical properties. In this paper, we will discuss the distinction between grammatical and expressive punctuation and suggest that pragmatic punctuation marks exhibit certain features that the more grammatical punctuation marks do not: They are expressive, they can occur rather freely inside a sentence, they can be repeated to intensify their effect, and they can be combined with other expressive punctuation. A comparison of commas and exclamation points illustrates the difference between grammatical and pragmatic punctuation marks. We will investigate the most common punctuation marks with respect to these properties and assign them a place in what may be called the grammar-pragmatics continuum of punctuation. We will conclude with a comparison between expressive punctuation and emojis which can be used to fulfill similar roles and present a case study of the combination "!?!".– Vera Lee-Schoenfeld, Gabriele Diewald & Maud Kelly: German double-accusative verbs: different solutions for avoiding a marked construction.Abstract: Extending Lee-Schoenfeld & Diewald''s (2017) corpus investigation and formal analysis of ''lehren'' (''teach'') to the other four German double-accusative verbs, ''abfragen'', ''abhören'' (both meaning ''quiz/test''), ''kosten'' (''cost''), and ''fragen'' (''ask''), we show that each verb follows its own individual path to overriding the highly marked ACC > ACC pattern, with the latest usage data revealing notably different results as to the verbs'' most typical syntactic patterns, meaning variants, and contextual features. Specifically, we propose that this small group of verbs makes use of three different "strategies" for avoiding the ACC > ACC pattern: (i) change of major valency frame from a ditransitive to a monotransitive pattern (''abhören'' and ''abfragen''), (ii) limiting the second object to primarily a clausal or prepositional one (''fragen''), and (iii) semantic diversification / polysemy combined with different preferences as to the valency pattern per meaning (''kosten''). We back up these claims by comparing the usage patterns of the verbs in four time periods between 1800 and 2010 via corpus analyses using DWDS (Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, https://www.dwds.de/). We also present the results of a synchronic search using the German web corpus deTenTen.– Aline Meili: The influence of sign language on writing: on cross-modal transfer in texts by DHH learners.Abstract: Literacy is an important competence not only in a scholarly setting, but also for actively taking part in a literate society. For deaf users of a sign language, however, the ''written word'' is challenging for the following two reasons. First, signers of a face-to-face, unwritten visual language need to transfer their message into a written modality. Second, as there is no widely accepted standardized written form for signed languages, the code which they must use is that of the written representation of an oral language, which is often a second language (L2) to users of a sign language. The study reported here addresses these challenges with written German data collected from Swiss German Sign Language (DSGS) deaf signers. The variations found in these written German texts are the result not only of second language acquisition processes common to both hearing and deaf L2 learners of German, but also of cross-modal (visual/spatial – acoustic/oral) interferences unique to deaf L2 learners of the oral language.

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung– Lena Stutz: ''Wo ein Sprichwort ist, ist auch ein Muster.'' Korpusbasierte Studien zur Produktivität und Schematizität deutscher Sprichwortmuster.Abstract: This article focuses a certain type of phraseological construction that has only been marginally investigated in phraseological research so far: productive, partially schematic units that go back to lexically fully specified phrasemes that, due to the popularity of the modification of certain positions, have developed over time into phrasemes with conceptual slot positions that require a separate cognitive anchoring, i. e. constitute an independent lexicon entry.On the basis of an exemplary selection of German proverbs like ''Ein Unglück kommt selten allein'' (lit. ''A misfortune never comes alone'') that are taken from the "Sprichwörterbuch" of the IDS-dictionary platform OWID (vgl. SWB), it will be shown that through serially and systematically operated modification processes, proverbs have even created a considerable amount of semi-schematic patterns that are used more or less productively. With recourse to Stumpf''s (2016) distinction between modification patterns ("Modifikationsmuster") and phraseological schemata ("Modellbildungen") it will be argued, on empirical grounds, that said patterns underly different degrees of productivity and schematicity in that some of them represent only ''modification series'' of the lexically specified proverb base (and thus are located as a phenomenon on the parole level) and others constitute ''true'' phraseological constructions with an intrinsic vacancy structure that expand the lexicon (and therefore have the status of a system-level phenomenon). The central method used here are ''slot analyses'', carried out by the corpus linguistic tool ''Lexpan'' (Steyer & Brunner 2014), which allows for the differentiation of modified and schematic phrasemes on the basis of certain frequency values. In addition, ''timeline graphs'' (Lüngen & Keibel 2014) are used, which can be particularly useful in classifying transition phenomena by visualizing the annual development of modifications over the last decades.– Lirim Selmani: Der koranische Imperativ ''qul'' und seine Wiedergabe im Deutschen, sprechhandlungstheoretisch betrachtet.Abstract: In the Qoran, commands are commonly used by the devine speaker to address Mohammed and further addressees. The imperative mode is used frequently, especially the imperative "say!" (''qul''). The imperative is a linguistic devise which is specific to discourses. Hence it will be argued that the Qoran is a discourse rather than a text in the proper sense. The ''qul''-speech is closely related to the unwillingness of the addressees who do not believe in the prophethood of Mohammed. In German there are three lexicalized verbs for Arabic ''qul'': ''sagen'', ''sprechen'', ''reden''. These verbs differ semantically form each other: ''sagen'' puts the focus on the addressee, ''sprechen'' puts the focus on the proposition, and ''reden'' indicates a bidirectional communication. It will be shown how the Qoranic imperative ''qul'' is translated into German.Rezensionen– Harro Stammerjohann: Raffaele Simone (2020): ''Il software del linguaggio'' & Raffaele Simone (2022): ''La grammatica presa sul serio. Come è nata, come funziona e come cambia''.– Cornelia Loos: Josep Quer, Annika Herrmann, Roland Pfau (2020): ''The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research''.– Vilma Symanczyk Joppe: Sonja Taigel (2021): ''Ikonizität''.Informationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung- Zeming Xu: Asymmetric conjunction and the semantics-pragmatics interface- Susann Fischer, Jorge Vega Vilanova, Bistra Andreeva, Tania Avgustinova, Christoph Gabriel, Jonas Grünke, Diana Klüh & Mitko Sabev: Patterns and interfaces in language contact: the case of Judeo-Spanish in Bulgaria- Siegwalt Lindenfelser: Verschriftlichung des Wolgadeutschen in Argentinien: System und VariationRezensionen- Stefan Hartmann: Dimitrios Meletis & Christa Dürscheid (2022): ''Writing systems and their use. An overview of grapholinguistics''- Lirim Selmani: Birgit Mesch & Benjamin Uhl (2022): ''Tempus und Temporalität. Empirische Zugänge zum Erwerb von Zeitlichkeit''Informationen und Hinweisevon Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innenErscheinungsweise und Bezugsbedingungen:Jährlich erscheinen vier Hefte (Februar, Mai, August und November) mit einem Umfang von je ca. 128 S. Das Institutsabonnement (Print- und Onlineausgabe) kostet 368,00 € pro Jahr und das Privatabonnement 228,00 € (jeweils zzgl. Versandspesen: Inland 14,00 € bzw. Ausland 32,00 €). Jährlichkann ein Sonderheft erscheinen, das den Abonnenten mit einem Nachlass von ca. 15 % auf den jeweiligen Ladenpreis geliefert wird. Die Kündigungsfrist beträgt sechs Wochen zum Jahresende. Onlinezugang im Abonnement: buske.de/lb

Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Miriam Brinkmann, Antonia Fünter, Laura d''Aurizio & Natascha Müller: Die Repräsentation von Genus im Französischen: Psycholinguistische Evidenz für ein dreigliedriges System Abstract: Previous studies generally considered grammatical gender in French as a binary system, con-sisting of a masculine and a feminine gender, both reflected beyond the nouns themselves on e. g. determiners and adjectives. However, a glance at the French system reveals that the exist-ence of two forms does not provide adequate evidence for the assumption of a bipartite under-lying system (Loporcaro 2020) and that there is still evidence for inflectional classes in French as well (Lowenstamm 2012). The present study considers the possibility of a tripartite gender system in French by taking into consideration the results of two psycholinguistic experiments. The first experiment indicates that French native speakers process feminine nouns faster and more accurately than masculine nouns. Since this result is surprising, former Latin neuter nouns were selected from the masculine nouns of the first experiment and considered as a separate group in a second experiment. This group of nouns is processed significantly longer and less accurately than feminine nouns and the remaining masculine nouns. The results of these experiments allow the discussion of which form should be considered marked in the French system and of why the tripartite gender system of Latin survived in nowadays French. Moreover, the notion of default as well as the role of a default gender in language processing are discussed. Considering the French tripartite gender system as proposed in Lowenstamm (2008) in the framework of the epigenetic model by Biberauer, Holmberg, Roberts and Sheehan (2014), a parametric description of language change is proposed. The results of the current study allow a new perspective on the French gender system and provide insights into the role of the grammatical gender and inflectional class features in French. – Kalle Glauch: Expressive punctuation: how punctuation changes the perceived valence of discourse referents in computer-mediated communication Praktisches aus Forschung und Lehre Abstract: This article explores the role of five expressive punctuation marks – ''multiple exclamation marks'' (!!!), ''exclamation mark'' (!), ''full stop'' (.), ''ellipsis'' (...), and ''null punctuation'' (ø) – as cues to writer attitudes in CMC. Specifically, it investigates how the underlying meaning of expressive punctuation influences the perceived emotional valence of discourse referents within exclamative constructions. In a 1x5 between-subjects repeated measures design, valence ratings were collected for 120 discourse referents embedded in exclamative constructions manipulated by message finale punctuation mark (e. g., ''What a view!!!/!/./…/ø'') on a 1 (negative) to 9 (positive) scale. For inherently positive discourse referents, a clear positivity hierarchy in the overall valence of embedded discourse referents emerges, indicating a differential influence of punctuation on perceived valence: multiple exclamation marks > exclamation marks > null punctuation > full stop > ellipsis. For inherently negative discourse referents, the differences between the conditions are less distinct. Notably, only multiple exclamation marks yield a significantly lower valence rating within that range of values. While the findings for inherently positive referents align with prior assumptions on the expressive meaning of different punctuation marks in CMC, the observed pattern for inherently negative referents cannot be readily explained by existing literature on expressive punctuation in CMC.

Vorwort – Felicitas Otte, Markus Steinbach & Nina-Kristin Meister: Auf dem Weg zur digitalen Barrierefreiheit in den Linguistischen Berichten: Errungenschaften und Ziele Aktuelle Tendenzen in der Linguistik – Silva H. Ladewig: Aktuelle Trends und Entwicklungen in der linguistischen Gesten- und Multimodalitätsforschung Abstract: In the late 20th century, gestures were mainly regarded as part of pragmatics, separate from core linguistic fields like phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics. This division was rooted in Chomsky''s (1965) distinction between linguistic competence and performance, with only the former being considered within the scope of linguistics. This paper demonstrates that gestures have now become central to core linguistic research. It examines recent developments in gesture and multimodality research within linguistics, beginning with a discussion of gesture concepts, followed by an introduction to gestures as an empirical phenomenon. Recent find-ings on gestural modality and its integration into spoken language are presented, highlighting three key themes: the role of gestures in emphasizing information, their integration into syntax and prosody, and the emergence and stabilization of gestural and multimodal patterns. These developments suggest a growing recognition of gesture as integral to linguistic study. Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Sebastian Walter: Investigations on the at-issue status of viewpoint gestures Abstract: Most accounts of the semantic contribution of ''co-speech gestures'' posit that they contribute ''not-at-issue'' meaning by default (e. g., Ebert & Ebert 2014). This claim has been experimentally validated by Ebert, Ebert & Hörnig (2020) for gestures conveying information about an ob-ject''s size or shape. In this article, the findings from two rating studies are reported investigat-ing the at-issue status of ''character'' and ''observer viewpoint gestures'' (CVGs and OVGs, respectively, McNeill 1992). It is questionable whether the findings of Ebert, Ebert & Hörnig''s (2020) study hold equally strong for CVGs and OVGs, as especially the former gesture type differs in size from the gestures used in their study. The results of the studies suggest that while both gesture types contribute not-at-issue meaning by default, CVGs can shift more toward the at-issue dimension than OVGs if they provide information relevant to the ''question under discussion'', in line with a gradient approach to at-issueness (Barnes & Ebert 2023). – Winfried Thielmann: Tempus und Zeit: Phänomene – Konzepte – linguistische Kategorienbildung Abstract: It is widely held that temporal morphemes refer to temporal structures of reality in the way presented by Reichenbach in his ''Symbolic Logic'' (1947). One of the earliest elaborations of the concept of time, namely the one found in Aristotle''s ''Physics'', however, suggests that time is not a property of nature, but a complex linguistic elaboration of the human mind in order to come to terms with nature: Counting deictic focusing acts with respect to repeated constellations of a reference movement, e. g., meridian transits of the sun, the human psyche establishes a reference space that has no reality outside the human psyche. Because of this it is argued that it is quite implausible that grammatical morphemes should express a complex notion that relies on things such as number and a numeral system, but, rather, that it is later reifications of the concept of time gave rise to the assumption that linguistic structures encode temporal logic. As it will be shown, ''temporal'' morphemes of German can indeed be described without reference to time, as they have a much more basic meaning. Hence it may be meaningful to ask the question, if linguistic thinking might in general be misled in believing that complex categories such as ''time'' or, for instance, ''causality'', are encoded in grammatical structures.