Kai A. Konrad – författare

This book describes the theory structure underlying contests, in which players expend effort and/or spend money in trying to get ahead of one another. Uniquely, this effort is sunk and cannot be recovered, regardless of whether a player wins or loses in the competition. Such interactions include diverse phenomena such as marketing and advertising by firms, litigation, relative reward schemes in firms, political competition, patent races, sports, military combat, war and civil war. These have been studied in the field of contest theory both within these specific contexts and at a higher level of abstraction. The purpose of this book is to describe the fundamental common properties of these types of interactions and to uncover some common properties or laws that govern them. The book begins by describing the properties of static contests and tournaments. Aspects such as timing, entry, sabotage and delegation are added and contest design issues such as the admission or exclusion of players and the structure of prizes are discussed. Further, structures are analysed in which players interact repeatedly in the same or different contest environments. Examples are inter-group conflict followed by intra-group rivalry, elimination tournaments and other dynamic contest structures.

This book describes the theory structure underlying contests, in which players expend effort and/or spend money in trying to get ahead of one another. Uniquely, this effort is sunk and cannot be recovered, regardless of whether a player wins or loses in the competition. Such interactions include diverse phenomena such as marketing and advertising by firms, litigation, relative reward schemes in firms, political competition, patent races, sports, military combat, war and civil war. These have been studied in the field of contest theory both within these specific contexts and at a higher level of abstraction. The purpose of this book is to describe the fundamental common properties of these types of interactions and to uncover some common properties or laws that govern them. The book begins by describing the properties of static contests and tournaments. Aspects such as timing, entry, sabotage and delegation are added and contest design issues such as the admission or exclusion of players and the structure of prizes are discussed. Further, structures are analysed in which players interact repeatedly in the same or different contest environments. Examples are inter-group conflict followed by intra-group rivalry, elimination tournaments and other dynamic contest structures.

This book contains articles on the theory of conflict. Conflict appears in many forms, from a dictator terrorizing his country to organized crime demanding protection money. Among the questions addressed are the conditions which make conflict severe (for example, is class conflict worse than ethnic conflict?), whether voluntary agreements can avoid future conflict, how the outcome of one war will affect the incentives of countries to wage war in the future, how dictators hold power, and why revolutions appear. The book provides an overview of existing literature, applies the theory of conflict to new situations, and gives foundations for future work. It should interest both researchers and students studying political economy, public choice, international relations, and comparative politics.

Risiko wird von |konomischen Entscheidungstr{gern nicht um jeden Preis vermieden, sondern unterliegt als "Ungut" dem gleichen |konomischen Arbitragekalk}l wie andere G}ter. Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit stehen die Fragen danach, inwiefern dieser Zusammenhang Risiko bzw. dessen ]bernahme zu einem Produktionsfaktor macht, welche Eigenschaften Risiko als Produktionsfaktor unter verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen hat, wie sich die Grenzproduktivit{t von Risiko bei unterschiedlich vollst{ndigen Systemenvon Risikom{rkten bestimmt, auf welchem Weg eine wie hohe Risikoentlohnung erfolgt. Besonders aber wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich Risikoertragsteuern auf die Risikoallokation auswirken. Im Unterschied zur traditionellen Portfolio- und Kapitalmarkttheorie steht die realwirtschaftliche Risikoentscheidung des Unternehmers im Zentrum der modelltheoretischen Analyse. Ziel dieser Analyse ist es zum einen, die aktivit{tsanalytische Begr}ndung f}r die Faktoreigentschaft von Risiko in formalem Kontext zu eruieren, zum anderen die Wirkung von Steuern auf die Entlohnung von Risiko}bernahme neuzubewerten.

The scope of that research is such that very few researchers will be familiar with more than a small part of contemporary research, and very few libraries will be able to provide access to the full breadth of that research.

The scope of that research is such that very few researchers will be familiar with more than a small part of contemporary research, and very few libraries will be able to provide access to the full breadth of that research.

Economists and political scientists have recently begun to study formally how conftict and the possibility of conftict affects resource allocation and economic performance.!

The scope of that research is such that very few researchers will be familiar with more than a small part of contemporary research, and very few libraries will be able to provide access to the full breadth of that research.

The taxation of multinational corporate groups has become a major concern in the academic and political debate on the future of international taxation. In particular the arm’s length standard for the determination of transfer prices is under increasing pressure. Many countries and international bodies are now taking a closer look at the use of transfer prices for profit shifting and are exploring alternative mechanisms such as formulary apportionment for the allocation of taxing rights. With regard to this topic, this volume is the first to offer a concise analysis of transfer pricing in the international tax arena from an interdisciplinary legal and economic point of view. Fundamentals such as the efficient allocation of resources within multi-unit firms and distortions between different goals of transfer pricing as well as different aspects of it in tax and corporate law, the traditional OECD approach and practical aspects concerning intangibles, capital and risk allocation are covered by outstanding authors.

The taxation of multinational corporate groups has become a major concern in the academic and political debate on the future of international taxation.