Maarten de Rijke - Böcker

This is an advanced 2001 textbook on modal logic, a field which caught the attention of computer scientists in the late 1970s. Researchers in areas ranging from economics to computational linguistics have since realised its worth. The book is for novices and for more experienced readers, with two distinct tracks clearly signposted at the start of each chapter. The development is mathematical; prior acquaintance with first-order logic and its semantics is assumed, and familiarity with the basic mathematical notions of set theory is required. The authors focus on the use of modal languages as tools to analyze the properties of relational structures, including their algorithmic and algebraic aspects, and applications to issues in logic and computer science such as completeness, computability and complexity are considered. Three appendices supply basic background information and numerous exercises are provided. Ideal for anyone wanting to learn modern modal logic.

The papers collected in this volume, most of them derived from presentations at the Amsterdam Seminar on Intensional Logic, report recent work in pure and applied intensional logic, and are written by researchers from philosophical and mathematical logic, artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Most of the contributions deal with modal or temporal logic, either as a topic or as a tool. Another major theme in the book may be described as "representing changing information". The papers address issues that have received a good deal of attention in recent years. The volume is aimed at researchers and students in logic, both pure and applied, and artificial intelligence. It also should be of interest to philosophers and computational linguists.

Intensional logics have their origin and use in research areas ranging from linguistics, cognitive science and artificial intelligence, to philosophy and computer science. This volume presents an up-to-date account of current trends in intensional logic. Consisting of nine original research papers preceded by a survey of recent developments, the book highlights recent advances in a number of interdisciplinary areas, including traditional philosophical concerns about correct descriptions and abstract objects; the use of intensional languages as descriptive tools for finite graphs; proof-theoretical considerations; general strategies of 'modalizing' calculi usually perceived to be non-modal; and mathematical foundations of intensional logics. The book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in pure and applied logic.

Finally, in many situations experimenting with real users is just infeasible and hence user simulations based on accurate models play an essential role in understanding the implications of algorithmic changes to search engine results or presentation changes to the search engine result page.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 36th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2014, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in April 2014. The 33 full papers, 50 poster papers and 15 demonstrations presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 288 submissions.

The sixth campaign of the Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) for European languages was held from January to September 2005. CLEF is by now an established international evaluation initiative and 74 groups from all over the world submitted results for one or more of the different evaluation tracks in 2005, compared with 54 groups in 2004. There were eight distinct evaluation tracks, designed to test the performance of a wide range of systems for multilingual information access. Full details regarding the design of the tracks, the methodologies used for evaluation, and the results obtained by the participants can be found in the different sections of these proceedings. As always the results of the campaign were reported and discussed at the annual workshop held in Vienna, Austria, September 21-23, immediately following the ninth European Conference on Digital Libraries. The workshop was attended by approximately 110 academic and industrial researchers and system developers. In addition to presentations by participants in the campaign, Noriko Kando from the National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, gave an invited talk on the activities of the NTCIR evaluation initiative for Asian languages. Breakout sessions gave participants a chance to discuss ideas and results in detail. The final session was dedicated to proposals for activities for CLEF 2006. The presentations given at the workshop can be found on the CLEF Web site at: www. clef-campaign. org. We should like to thank the other members of the CLEF Steering Committee for their assistance in the coordination of this event.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed postproceedings of the 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, held in Alicante, Spain, September 2006. The revised papers presented together with an introduction were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on Multilingual Textual Document Retrieval, Domain-Specifig Information Retrieval, i-CLEF, QA@CLEF, ImageCLEF, CLSR, WebCLEF and GeoCLEF.

In its ?rst ten years of activities (2000-2009), the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) played a leading role in stimulating investigation and research in a wide range of key areas in the information retrieval domain, such as cro- language question answering, image and geographic information retrieval, int- activeretrieval,and many more.It also promotedthe study andimplementation of appropriateevaluation methodologies for these diverse types of tasks and - dia. As a result, CLEF has been extremely successful in building a wide, strong, and multidisciplinary research community, which covers and spans the di?erent areasofexpertiseneededto dealwith thespreadofCLEFtracksandtasks.This constantly growing and almost completely voluntary community has dedicated an incredible amount of e?ort to making CLEF happen and is at the core of the CLEF achievements. CLEF 2010 represented a radical innovation of the “classic CLEF” format and an experiment aimed at understanding how “next generation” evaluation campaigns might be structured. We had to face the problem of how to innovate CLEFwhile still preservingits traditionalcorebusiness,namely the benchma- ing activities carried out in the various tracks and tasks. The consensus, after lively and community-wide discussions, was to make CLEF an independent four-day event, no longer organized in conjunction with the European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL) where CLEF has been running as a two-and-a-half-day wo- shop. CLEF 2010 thus consisted of two main parts: a peer-reviewed conference – the ?rst two days – and a series of laboratories and workshops – the second two days.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access Evaluation, in continuation of the popular CLEF campaigns and workshops that have run for the last decade, CLEF 2011, held in Amsterdem, The Netherlands, in September 2011. The 14 revised full papers presented together with 2 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers accepted for the conference included research on evaluation methods and settings, natural language processing within different domains and languages, multimedia and reflections on CLEF. Two keynote speakers highlighted important developments in the field of evaluation: the role of users in evaluation and a framework for the use of crowdsourcing experiments in the setting of retrieval evaluation.

The papers collected in this volume, most of them derived from presentations at the Amsterdam Seminar on Intensional Logic, report recent work in pure and applied intensional logic, and are written by researchers from philosophical and mathematical logic, artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Most of the contributions deal with modal or temporal logic, either as a topic or as a tool. Another major theme in the book may be described as 'representing changing information'. The papers constitute an important collection, addressing issues that have received a good deal of attention in recent years. The volume is aimed at researchers and students in logic, both pure and applied, and artificial intelligence. It is also of interest to philosophers and computational linguists.

This book identifies important recent developments in intensional logic, a branch of logic with applications in linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, philosophy and computer science. The main themes of the book are proof theory, descriptive uses, applications, and foundations of intensional logic.