Maria A. Wimmer – författare

The explosive growth in data, computational power, and social media creates new opportunities for innovating the processes and solutions of Information and communications technology (ICT) based policy-making and research. To take advantage of these developments in the digital world, new approaches, concepts, instruments and methods are needed to navigate the societal and computational complexity. This requires extensive interdisciplinary knowledge of public administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex systems and computer science. This book provides the foundation for this new interdisciplinary field, in which various traditional disciplines are blending. Both policy makers, executors and those in charge of policy implementations acknowledge that ICT is becoming more important and is changing the policy-making process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on ICT support. Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the specific applications of social networks, semantically enriched and linked data, whereas policy-making has also to do with the use of the vast amount of data, predictions and forecasts, and improving the outcomes of policy-making, which is confronted with an increasing complexity and uncertainty of the outcomes. The field of policy-making is changing and driven by developments like open data, computational methods for processing data, opining mining, simulation and visualization of rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social media and participatory tools.

The explosive growth in data, computational power, and social media creates new opportunities for innovating the processes and solutions of Information and communications technology (ICT) based policy-making and research. To take advantage of these developments in the digital world, new approaches, concepts, instruments and methods are needed to navigate the societal and computational complexity. This requires extensive interdisciplinary knowledge of public administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex systems and computer science. This book provides the foundation for this new interdisciplinary field, in which various traditional disciplines are blending. Both policy makers, executors and those in charge of policy implementations acknowledge that ICT is becoming more important and is changing the policy-making process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on ICT support. Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the specific applications of social networks, semantically enriched and linked data, whereas policy-making has also to do with the use of the vast amount of data, predictions and forecasts, and improving the outcomes of policy-making, which is confronted with an increasing complexity and uncertainty of the outcomes. The field of policy-making is changing and driven by developments like open data, computational methods for processing data, opining mining, simulation and visualization of rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social media and participatory tools.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Government, EGOV 2015, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in August/September 2015 in conjunction with the 7th International Conference on eParticipation, ePart 2015. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 53 submissions. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: foundations; open and smart government; services, processes and infrastructure; and application areas and evaluation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Government, EGOV 2015, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in August/September 2015 in conjunction with the 7th International Conference on eParticipation, ePart 2015. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 53 submissions. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: foundations; open and smart government; services, processes and infrastructure; and application areas and evaluation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Participation, ePart 2015, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in August/September 2015. The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 19 submissions. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: eParticipation and social media, delibration and consultation, evaluation, and policy formulation and modelling.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Participation, ePart 2015, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in August/September 2015. The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 19 submissions. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: eParticipation and social media, delibration and consultation, evaluation, and policy formulation and modelling.

The explosive growth in data, computational power, and social media creates new opportunities for innovating the processes and solutions of Information and communications technology (ICT) based policy-making and research. To take advantage of these developments in the digital world, new approaches, concepts, instruments and methods are needed to navigate the societal and computational complexity. This requires extensive interdisciplinary knowledge of public administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex systems and computer science. This book provides the foundation for this new interdisciplinary field, in which various traditional disciplines are blending. Both policy makers, executors and those in charge of policy implementations acknowledge that ICT is becoming more important and is changing the policy-making process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on ICT support. Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the specific applications of social networks, semantically enriched and linked data, whereas policy-making has also to do with the use of the vast amount of data, predictions and forecasts, and improving the outcomes of policy-making, which is confronted with an increasing complexity and uncertainty of the outcomes. The field of policy-making is changing and driven by developments like open data, computational methods for processing data, opining mining, simulation and visualization of rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social media and participatory tools.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Government, EGOV 2016, held in Guimaraes, Portugal, in September 2016, in conjunction with the 8th International Conference on eParticipation, ePart 2016. The 24 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 87 submissions. The papers are clustered under the following topical sections: foundations; benchmarking and evaluation; information integration and governance; services; evaluation and public values; EGOV success and failure; governance; social media; engagement; processes; policy-making; trust, transparency and accountability; open government and big/open data; smart government/governance/cities.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Participation, ePart 2016, held in Guimarães, Portugal, in September 5-8, 2016.The 14 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. The papers reflect completed multi-disciplinary research ranging from policy analysis and conceptual modeling to programming and visualization of simulation models. They are organized in four topical threads: theoretical foundations; critical reflections; implementations; policy formulation and modeling.

“We know more than we can tell and we can know nothing without relying upon those things which we may not be able to tell” (Michael Polanyi) The importance of knowledge management (KM) is increasingly recognized in the public sector and in relation with e-government implementations. Because governments and public administrations deal with information and knowledge on a large scale, this domain is particularly predestined to actively practice KM: much of the work of public authorities refers to the elaboration of data, infor- tionandknowledgeoncitizens,businesses,society,themarkets,theenvironment, laws, politics, etc. Evenmany“products”ofpublicadministrationandgovernmentaredelivered intheshapeofinformationandknowledgethemselves.Thisaspectespecially- plies to the policies, management, regulation and monitoring of society, markets and the environment. With the recent evolution of e-government projects, high expectations are linked. As a consequence, e?cient support from adequate KM conceptsandtoolstoexploitthehugeknowledgeandinformationresourcesdealt with in e-government is expected. Not only the trend towards a knowledge society calls for KM solutions. C- rent e-government developments signi?cantly in?uence the public sector. These require the rethinking of knowledge distribution and management: Citizen- and business- oriented service delivery, including one-stop service provision, inter- ganizationalco-operationbetweengovernmentagenciesandcross-bordersupport for complex administrative decision making call for largely opened-up access to remote information and knowledge resources. E-government – and speci?cally the concept of online one-stop government – integrates dislocated information and knowledge sources into a global virtual knowledge fabric.

“We know more than we can tell and we can know nothing without relying upon those things which we may not be able to tell” (Michael Polanyi) The importance of knowledge management (KM) is increasingly recognized in the public sector and in relation with e-government implementations. Because governments and public administrations deal with information and knowledge on a large scale, this domain is particularly predestined to actively practice KM: much of the work of public authorities refers to the elaboration of data, infor- tionandknowledgeoncitizens,businesses,society,themarkets,theenvironment, laws, politics, etc. Evenmany“products”ofpublicadministrationandgovernmentaredelivered intheshapeofinformationandknowledgethemselves.Thisaspectespecially- plies to the policies, management, regulation and monitoring of society, markets and the environment. With the recent evolution of e-government projects, high expectations are linked. As a consequence, e?cient support from adequate KM conceptsandtoolstoexploitthehugeknowledgeandinformationresourcesdealt with in e-government is expected. Not only the trend towards a knowledge society calls for KM solutions. C- rent e-government developments signi?cantly in?uence the public sector. These require the rethinking of knowledge distribution and management: Citizen- and business- oriented service delivery, including one-stop service provision, inter- ganizationalco-operationbetweengovernmentagenciesandcross-bordersupport for complex administrative decision making call for largely opened-up access to remote information and knowledge resources. E-government – and speci?cally the concept of online one-stop government – integrates dislocated information and knowledge sources into a global virtual knowledge fabric.

The TCGOV 2005 international conference on e-government was held at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano during March 2–4, 2005. The conference was initiated by the working group “Towards Electronic Democracy” (TED) of the European Science Foundation and was jointly organized by the Free University ofBozen-Bolzano,theMunicipalityofBozen-Bolzano,theTEDWorkingGroup, and the IFIP Working Group 8.5. The conference addressed a large spectrum of issues that are relevant and have to be investigated for a successful transition from the traditional form of government to a new form known as e-government. The main focus was on the following topics: – improving citizen participation and policy making (e-democracy) – government application integration – semantic Web technologies for e-government – security aspects for e-government services Two sessions were dedicated to e-democracy, an emerging area within- government that seeks to enhance democratic processes and provide increased opportunities for individuals and communities to be involved in governmental decisions.Thecontributionsofthesetwosessionscovermorefundamentalresults and insights as well as experiences from di?erent countries. Another focus was on government application integration and the use of - mantic Web technologies, which are important technical aspects on the agenda of e-government research. Di?erent architectures for the integration and orch- tration of distributed services and processes were presented along with two case studies. Three papers about Semantic Web technologies discussed the use of ontologies in e-government.

The annual EGOV conference assesses the state of the art in e-government/ e-governance and provides guidance for research, development and application in this fast-moving ?eld. EGOV 2005 in Copenhagen built on the achievements of the preceding conferences (EGOV 2004 in Zaragoza, EGOV 2003 in Prague, EGOV 2002 in Aix-en-Provence). The EGOV conferences have become a - union for academics and professionals worldwide. In that way, EGOV conf- ences provide both an exchange on the state of a?airs concerning e-government developments and a basis for networking and building the community. EGOV 2005 broughtsome changesin the outline and structure of the conf- ence. In line with the growing number of submissions the conference was more structured and the reviewing process was more formalized, adopting a doub- blind peer-review procedure. The new design of EGOV safeguards the scienti?c quality and guarantees up-to-date information together with a discussion of the state of the art and of emerging themes in the ?eld. Hence EGOV 2005 had both research sections and a workshop part. It comprised completed research and research in progress, workshopandposterpresentations,andaPhDstudentcolloquium.Theproce- ings volume published by Springer, Heidelberg includes the papers presented in the conferencepart.The volumepublished by Trauner,Linz contains the EGOV workshop and poster contributions.

The TCGOV 2005 international conference on e-government was held at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano during March 2–4, 2005. The conference was initiated by the working group “Towards Electronic Democracy” (TED) of the European Science Foundation and was jointly organized by the Free University ofBozen-Bolzano,theMunicipalityofBozen-Bolzano,theTEDWorkingGroup, and the IFIP Working Group 8.5. The conference addressed a large spectrum of issues that are relevant and have to be investigated for a successful transition from the traditional form of government to a new form known as e-government. The main focus was on the following topics: – improving citizen participation and policy making (e-democracy) – government application integration – semantic Web technologies for e-government – security aspects for e-government services Two sessions were dedicated to e-democracy, an emerging area within- government that seeks to enhance democratic processes and provide increased opportunities for individuals and communities to be involved in governmental decisions.Thecontributionsofthesetwosessionscovermorefundamentalresults and insights as well as experiences from di?erent countries. Another focus was on government application integration and the use of - mantic Web technologies, which are important technical aspects on the agenda of e-government research. Di?erent architectures for the integration and orch- tration of distributed services and processes were presented along with two case studies. Three papers about Semantic Web technologies discussed the use of ontologies in e-government.

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electronic Government, EGOV 2006, held in in Krakow, Poland in conjunction with DEXA 2006. The book offers 31 revised papers depicting the state of the art in e-government/ e-governance, arranged in topical sections on research, review and outlook, participation and democracy, designing government services, legal dimensions in e-government, procurement and governance issues in networked governments, and more.

The importance of Knowledge Management (KM) is increasingly recognized in business and public sector domains. The latter is particularly suitable for KM implementations since it deals with information and knowledge resources at a large scale: much of the work of public authorities deals with the elaboration of data, information and knowledge on citizens, businesses, society, markets, the environment, law, politics, etc. Even most products of public administration and government work are delivered in the shape of information and knowledge themselves. This especially applies to policies, management, and the regulation and monitoring of society, markets and the environment. Governments expect advanced support from KM concepts and tools to exploit these huge knowledge and information resources in an efficient way. Not only does the trend towards a knowledge society call for KM solutions, but current e government developments also significantly influence the public sector. Ample access to remote information and knowledge resources is needed in order to facilitate: Citizen and businesses oriented service delivery, including one stop service provision; interorganizational co operation between governmental agencies; cross border support for complex administrative decision making; e government integration of dislocated information and knowledge sources into a fabric of global virtual knowledge.

The importance of Knowledge Management (KM) is increasingly recognized in business and public sector domains. The latter is particularly suitable for KM implementations since it deals with information and knowledge resources at a large scale: much of the work of public authorities deals with the elaboration of data, information and knowledge on citizens, businesses, society, markets, the environment, law, politics, etc. Even most products of public administration and government work are delivered in the shape of information and knowledge themselves. This especially applies to policies, management, and the regulation and monitoring of society, markets and the environment. Governments expect advanced support from KM concepts and tools to exploit these huge knowledge and information resources in an efficient way. Not only does the trend towards a knowledge society call for KM solutions, but current e government developments also significantly influence the public sector. Ample access to remote information and knowledge resources is needed in order to facilitate: Citizen and businesses oriented service delivery, including one stop service provision; interorganizational co operation between governmental agencies; cross border support for complex administrative decision making; e government integration of dislocated information and knowledge sources into a fabric of global virtual knowledge.

EGOV 2007 was the sixth edition of this highly successful series of annual int- national conferences dedicated to electronic government research and practice. Like all its predecessors, EGOV 2007 achieved a remarkable number of paper submissions. Moreover, the quality of this year’s submissions again superseded previous years’ submissions. For the third year in a row, the conference was anteceded by a doctoral colloquium, with approximately 20 PhD projects d- cussed. The conference also provided a forum for academic work in progress, for practitioner reports, and for workshops on specialty topics. Along with the International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o)intheUSA andthe e-GovernmentTrackatthe HawaiiInternationalC- ference on System Sciences (HICSS), the EGOV series of conferences has est- lished itself as the leading annual conference on e-Government, e-Participation and e-Governance in Europe, with a global reach. Last year, the ?rst two professional societies were formed in North America 1 and Europe, the Digital Government Society of North America (DGSNA) and 2 the European EGOV Society (EGOV-S) . Both sister societies work closely - gether.Itisnoteworthythatbothsocietieshaveadoptedalmostidenticalmission statements. They both de?ne themselves as multi-disciplinary organizations “of scholars and practitioners engaged in and committed to democratic digital g- ernment. Digital (or electronic) government fosters the use of information and technology to support and improve public policies and government operations, engage citizens, and provide comprehensive and timely government services”.

EGOV 2007 was the sixth edition of this highly successful series of annual int- national conferences dedicated to electronic government research and practice. Like all its predecessors, EGOV 2007 achieved a remarkable number of paper submissions. Moreover, the quality of this year’s submissions again superseded previous years’ submissions. For the third year in a row, the conference was anteceded by a doctoral colloquium, with approximately 20 PhD projects d- cussed. The conference also provided a forum for academic work in progress, for practitioner reports, and for workshops on specialty topics. Along with the International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o)intheUSA andthe e-GovernmentTrackatthe HawaiiInternationalC- ference on System Sciences (HICSS), the EGOV series of conferences has est- lished itself as the leading annual conference on e-Government, e-Participation and e-Governance in Europe, with a global reach. Last year, the ?rst two professional societies were formed in North America 1 and Europe, the Digital Government Society of North America (DGSNA) and 2 the European EGOV Society (EGOV-S) . Both sister societies work closely - gether.Itisnoteworthythatbothsocietieshaveadoptedalmostidenticalmission statements. They both de?ne themselves as multi-disciplinary organizations “of scholars and practitioners engaged in and committed to democratic digital g- ernment. Digital (or electronic) government fosters the use of information and technology to support and improve public policies and government operations, engage citizens, and provide comprehensive and timely government services”.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Electronic Government, EGOV 2008, held in Torino, Italy, in August/September 2008 within the DEXA 2008 conference cluster. The 32 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 119 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on strategies and frameworks, motivators, and contexts, assessment, evaluation and benefit models for ICT investments, inclusion and user-centred design, interoperability and application of semantic technologies in e-government.

Years of worldwide economic depression do not only shatter private-sector ?rms and strain public-sector budgets, they also test the viability of academic conf- ences and other scholarly events. Given this context it is remarkable how well the eighth EGOV conference maintained its standing as an annual international conference with a global reach. Submissions from Europe increased over those from other parts of the globe. However, the conference upheld its attractiveness toscholarsfromaroundtheworldasavenueofhighreputation.The2009EGOV conference brought together scholars and practitioners from ?ve continents and 32 countries. Previous EGOV conferences were dedicated to three main areas, which ov- lap in part: eGovernment, eGovernance, and eParticipation. While the overlap still exists, a vibrant and sizable community has formed around topics of p- ticipation, inclusion, and democracy in the digital age. For the ?rst time, with ePartthistopicalstrandorganizeditsownconferencewithseparateproceedings. ePartaims to reviewresearchadvances inbothsocialandtechnologicalscienti?c domains, seeking to demonstrate new concepts, methods and styles of eParti- pation.The Chairs of both conferences consider it important to maintain close links and are committed to co-locating the two events in the years to come.

For almost a decade the International Federation for Information Processing Working Group 8.5 (Information Systems in Public Administration), or IFIP WG 8.5, has organized the EGOV series of conferences, which has solidly - tablished itself as one of three core conferences in the research domain of e- Government, e-Governance, and e-Participation. Until last year, EGOV was hosted within the DEXA cluster of conferences. For the ?rst time in 2010, the IFIP WG 8.5 organized the conference on its own, which was also re?ected in the slight name change to IFIP EGOV 2010. Likeitspredecessors,theIFIPEGOV2010conferenceattractedscholarsfrom around the world as a venue of high reputation. In 2010, the conference brought together scholars and practitioners from four continents and 40 countries. Like in 2009, IFIP EGOV was co-located with ePart, the International C- ference on eParticipation. ePart aims at presenting advances in both social and technologicalscienti?c domains, seeking to demonstrate new concepts, methods, and styles of eParticipation. ePart is closely aligned with the IFIP EGOV c- ference. The chairs of both conferences maintain close links and are committed to co-locating the two events in the yearsto come, which intentionally allowsfor exchange and cross-fertilization between the two communities.

For almost a decade the International Federation for Information Processing Working Group 8.5 (Information Systems in Public Administration), or IFIP WG 8.5, has organized the EGOV series of conferences, which has solidly - tablished itself as one of three core conferences in the research domain of e- Government, e-Governance, and e-Participation. Until last year, EGOV was hosted within the DEXA cluster of conferences. For the ?rst time in 2010, the IFIP WG 8.5 organized the conference on its own, which was also re?ected in the slight name change to IFIP EGOV 2010. Likeitspredecessors,theIFIPEGOV2010conferenceattractedscholarsfrom around the world as a venue of high reputation. In 2010, the conference brought together scholars and practitioners from four continents and 40 countries. Like in 2009, IFIP EGOV was co-located with ePart, the International C- ference on eParticipation. ePart aims at presenting advances in both social and technologicalscienti?c domains, seeking to demonstrate new concepts, methods, and styles of eParticipation. ePart is closely aligned with the IFIP EGOV c- ference. The chairs of both conferences maintain close links and are committed to co-locating the two events in the yearsto come, which intentionally allowsfor exchange and cross-fertilization between the two communities.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference, EGOV 2011, held in Delft, The Netherlands, in August/September 2011. The 38 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 84 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on foundations, acceptance and diffusion, governance, openess and institutions, architecture, security and interoperability, transformation, values and change.