This comprehensive volume comprises original essays by authors well known for their work on the European Union. Together they provide the reader with an economic analysis of the most important elements of EU law and the mechanisms for decisions within the EU.

The Handbook focuses particularly on how the development of EU law negotiates the tension between market integration, national sovereignty and political democracy. The book begins with chapters examining constitutional issues, while further chapters address the establishment of a single market. The volume also addresses sovereign debt problems by providing a detailed analysis of the architecture of the EU''s monetary institutions, its monetary policy and their implications.

The depth and breadth of the Handbook''s coverage make it an essential reference for students, scholars and policymakers interested in the complexities of the European Union.

Contributors: H. Brucker, F. Cafaggi, E. Carbonara, T. Eger, M.G. Faure, J. Fidrmuc, N. Garoupa, F. Gomez, M.J. Holler, P.C. Leyens, B. Luppi, A. Nicita, R. Pardolesi, F. Parisi, J. Pelkmans, H.-B. Schafer, H. Siekmann, G. Tsebelis, S. Voigt, H.-J. Wagener

This comprehensive volume comprises original essays by authors well known for their work on the European Union. Together they provide the reader with an economic analysis of the most important elements of EU law and the mechanisms for decisions within the EU. The Handbook focuses particularly on how the development of EU law negotiates the tension between market integration, national sovereignty and political democracy. The book begins with chapters examining constitutional issues, while further chapters address the establishment of a single market. The volume also addresses sovereign debt problems by providing a detailed analysis of the architecture of the EU's monetary institutions, its monetary policy and their implications. The depth and breadth of the Handbook's coverage make it an essential reference for students, scholars and policymakers interested in the complexities of the European Union. Contributors: H. Brucker, F. Cafaggi, E. Carbonara, T. Eger, M.G. Faure, J. Fidrmuc, N. Garoupa, F. Gomez, M.J. Holler, P.C. Leyens, B. Luppi, A. Nicita, R. Pardolesi, F. Parisi, J. Pelkmans, H.-B. Schafer, H. Siekmann, G. Tsebelis, S. Voigt, H.-J. Wagener

The increasing shift towards digital publishing has provoked much debate concerning the issues surrounding ‘'Open Access’' (OA), including its economic implications. This timely book considers how the future of academic publishing might look in a purely digital environment and utilises unique empirical data in order to analyze the experiences of researchers with, as well as attitudes towards, OA publishing.Presenting findings from a novel, in-depth survey with more than 10,000 respondents from 25 countries, this book shows that the research culture of scientific research differs considerably between disciplines and countries. These differences significantly determine the role of both '‘gold’' and '‘green’' forms of OA and foster both opportunity and risk. Discussing their findings in the light of recent policy attempts to foster OA, Thomas Eger and Marc Scheufen reveal considerable shortcomings and lack of knowledge on fundamental features of the academic publishing market and conclude by highlighting a policy agenda for its future development.Well-timed and far-reaching, this book will be of particular interest to students and scholars interested in the economic analysis of copyright law. Academic librarians and research sponsors will also benefit from the insights offered.

The increasing shift towards digital publishing has provoked much debate concerning the issues surrounding ‘''Open Access’'' (OA), including its economic implications. This timely book considers how the future of academic publishing might look in a purely digital environment and utilises unique empirical data in order to analyze the experiences of researchers with, as well as attitudes towards, OA publishing.

Presenting findings from a novel, in-depth survey with more than 10,000 respondents from 25 countries, this book shows that the research culture of scientific research differs considerably between disciplines and countries. These differences significantly determine the role of both ''‘gold’'' and ''‘green’'' forms of OA and foster both opportunity and risk. Discussing their findings in the light of recent policy attempts to foster OA, Thomas Eger and Marc Scheufen reveal considerable shortcomings and lack of knowledge on fundamental features of the academic publishing market and conclude by highlighting a policy agenda for its future development.

Well-timed and far-reaching, this book will be of particular interest to students and scholars interested in the economic analysis of copyright law. Academic librarians and research sponsors will also benefit from the insights offered.

This book comprises contributions on recent developments in China from a law and economics perspective. For the first time Chinese and European scholars jointly discuss some important attributes of China's legal and economic system, and some recent problems, from this particular viewpoint.The authors apply an economic analysis of law not only to general characteristics of China's social order, such as the specific type of federal competition, the efficiency of taxation and regulation, and the importance of informal institutions (Guanxi), but also to distinct areas of Chinese law such as competition policy, professional regulation, corporate governance and capital markets, oil pollution, intellectual property rights and internet games. The contributors discuss to what extent the law and economic models that have so far been employed within the context of developed countries can be applied to a country like China as well. The European scholars use law and economics in order to determine what China could learn from the European experience. The Chinese scholars discuss whether law and economics can be of any use in analysing the particular features of the Chinese legal system today.Economic Analysis of Law in China will appeal to lawyers, economists and social scientists in China interested in developing legal institutions with an eye on economic efficiency. Scholars generally interested in the economic analysis of law, as well as in the comparison and transition of economic systems, will also find much in this book that will be of interest to them.

This book comprises contributions on recent developments in China from a law and economics perspective. For the first time Chinese and European scholars jointly discuss some important attributes of China''s legal and economic system, and some recent problems, from this particular viewpoint.

The authors apply an economic analysis of law not only to general characteristics of China''s social order, such as the specific type of federal competition, the efficiency of taxation and regulation, and the importance of informal institutions (Guanxi), but also to distinct areas of Chinese law such as competition policy, professional regulation, corporate governance and capital markets, oil pollution, intellectual property rights and internet games. The contributors discuss to what extent the law and economic models that have so far been employed within the context of developed countries can be applied to a country like China as well. The European scholars use law and economics in order to determine what China could learn from the European experience. The Chinese scholars discuss whether law and economics can be of any use in analysing the particular features of the Chinese legal system today.

Economic Analysis of Law in China will appeal to lawyers, economists and social scientists in China interested in developing legal institutions with an eye on economic efficiency. Scholars generally interested in the economic analysis of law, as well as in the comparison and transition of economic systems, will also find much in this book that will be of interest to them.

This comprehensive volume comprises original essays by authors well known for their work on the European Union. Together they provide the reader with an economic analysis of the most important elements of EU law and the mechanisms for decisions within the EU. The Handbook focuses particularly on how the development of EU law negotiates the tension between market integration, national sovereignty and political democracy. The book begins with chapters examining constitutional issues, while further chapters address the establishment of a single market. The volume also addresses sovereign debt problems by providing a detailed analysis of the architecture of the EU's monetary institutions, its monetary policy and their implications. The depth and breadth of the Handbook's coverage make it an essential reference for students, scholars and policymakers interested in the complexities of the European Union. Contributors: H. Brucker, F. Cafaggi, E. Carbonara, T. Eger, M.G. Faure, J. Fidrmuc, N. Garoupa, F. Gomez, M.J. Holler, P.C. Leyens, B. Luppi, A. Nicita, R. Pardolesi, F. Parisi, J. Pelkmans, H.-B. Schafer, H. Siekmann, G. Tsebelis, S. Voigt, H.-J. Wagener

Die ökonomische Analyse des internationalen Rechts ist ein noch sehr junger, aber seit einigen Jahren wachsender und äußerst vielversprechender Forschungsbereich. Daher haben sich die Veranstalter des XIII. Travemünder Symposiums zur ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts vorgenommen, Ökonomen und Juristen aus europäischen und nicht-europäischen Ländern zusammenzubringen, um einige offene Probleme des internationalen Rechts zu diskutieren. Die Beiträge reichen von eher klassischen Themen, wie der Legitimität des Völkergewohnheitsrechts, zu sehr aktuellen Problemen wie dem Datenschutz im Internet, der Rolle von Söldnerheeren, dem Kampf gegen moderne Seeräuber, den Erfahrungen mit dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof sowie dem Phänomen des "land grabbing".

Die ökonomische Analyse des internationalen Rechts ist ein noch sehr junger, aber seit einigen Jahren wachsender und äußerst vielversprechender Forschungsbereich. Daher haben sich die Veranstalter des XIV. Travemünder Symposiums zur ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts zum zweiten Mal vorgenommen, Ökonomen und Juristen aus europäischen und nicht-europäischen Ländern zusammenzubringen, um einige offene Probleme des internationalen Rechts zu diskutieren. In den daraus entstandenen Beiträgen dieses Bandes wird diskutiert, wie sich Naturkatastrophen, Bürgerkriege oder wirtschaftliche Zusammenbrüche auf das internationale Recht auswirken und wie das internationale Recht diesen extremen Bedingungen zu begegnen sucht.

Examination Thesis from the year 2003 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: "e;Love"e; is a central topic in Shakespeare's plays. Many of his couples have gained a status of immortality: Antony and Cleopatra, Romeo and Juliet, or Beatrice and Benedick are only a few examples. These lovers share one experience, which Lysander in "e;A Midsummer Night's Dream"e; sums up very clearly:"e;The course of true love never did run smooth ..."e; (1,1,134)This dilemma is the "e;raw material"e; I am interested in. I will take three Shakespearean plays with "e;love"e; as their central issue and examine the protagonists' courses of love in them. This involves the beginning, the obstacles in the way, the reactions to these obstacles and the final failure or success to overcome them. The plays chosen are "e;Romeo and Juliet"e;, "e;All's Well that Ends Well"e;, and "e;The Taming of the Shrew"e;. In the First Folio edition the first one is classified as belonging to the literary form of "e;tragedy"e;, the latter two as "e;comedies"e;. This leads me to the second element in the title, which is "e;dramatic genre"e;. What Northrop Frye says about comedy is also valid for tragedy:"e;If a play in a theatre is subtitled 'a comedy', information is conveyed to a potential audience about what kind of thing to expect, and this type of information has been intelligible since before the days of Aristophanes."e;One such expectation concerns a play's mood. Here lies a fundamental difference between tragedy and comedy. Generally speaking, the audience expects that a comedy creates a happy mood and a tragedy a sad one. However, I am not alone finding that "e;Romeo"e; is a rather happy play over long stretches, whereas "e;The Taming"e; and "e;All's Well"e; are anything but thoroughly happy pieces. In these three dramas Shakespeare only partly fulfils the expectations, which are evoked. Their generic structure does not generate a consistent mood. So what are the causes of this inconsistency?

Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: In his book "e;Dr. Bowdler's Legacy"e; Noel Perrin tells us in the first chapter that a big change of morality took place with the turn of the nineteenth century in England. He puts it as follows: "e;... the first new generation of the nineteenth century (grew) up more strait-laced, inhibited, and conventional than its parents, so that sons discussed their fathers' wild oaths, and daughters worried about their mothers' loose sexual behaviour."e; According to Perrin one of the cornerstones of this new way of thinking was that the people began to acquire a more reserved attitude towards sexuality. The chief cause of this tendency was what can be called the rise of the idea of delicacy, or "e;the new prudery"e;. From the middle of the eighteenth century onwards, delicacy came to be regarded as a special and precious characteristic - especially among women. Basically, it means that people felt offended as soon as they were confronted with sexuality in whatever form. Blushing and fainting were outward indicators of this new propriety. Another consequence was that people began to keep away from anything that might be a burden on their conscience. An important result of this trend was the emergence of the idea of expurgation in literature. That is people simply started to remove "e;words or scenes that were considered likely to offend or shock"e;. The pioneering work in this field was Dr. Bowdler's "e;Family Shakespeare"e;, which was published in 1807. Dr. Bowdler's aim was - according to the fashion of his time - "e;to exclude from this publication whatever is unfit to be read aloud by a gentleman to a company of ladies"e;. In another passage he says that he wants to enable a father to read one of Shakespeare's plays to his family circle "e;without incurring the danger of falling unawares among words and expressions which are of such a nature as to raise a blush on the cheek of modesty ..."e;. As he says in the preface to the first edition, Bowdler was primarily concerned with profanity and obscenity. In this essay I will constrict myself to the field of obscenity in its sexual dimension. In the first part of my paper I will watch a Victorian at work by examining Bowdler's version of "e;Romeo and Juliet"e; and comparing it to Shakespeare's. What kind of words and passages does he change and in what way does he revise them? Does he treat different terms in different ways?

Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: Why was Shakespeare so successful in his times? How come, his plays drew the masses into the theatres? How did he manage to attract all these different groups of people with different backgrounds at the same time? These are the questions I will have in the back of my mind while writing this paper. I will examine one aspect of his style more closely, which I found in hisRomeo and Juliet.In doing so, I hope to give at least some small explanation of the reason of his overwhelming success. It was probably in 1595 when Shakespeare wrote this famous tragedy. He was doing so, living in a society which was leaving the Middle Ages far behind and rapidly growing in complexity. The English society was splitting up into a huge variety of different groups and organisations. The Reformation produced a wealth of new religious groupings. Especially the Puritans were to become very influential in England. The rise of the middle class was taking place under the reign of queen Elizabeth, which was combining artisans, merchants and the more prosperous peasants and was accumulating new resources and capital. The aristocracy was changing: It was opening up for new members, mostly wholesalers who had earned a fortune with the profitable overseas trade. The decline of the ancient system of feudalism was highly advanced, which for the common peasant meant that he wasn't tied to his small piece of soil any longer. He was much more mobile now. Family structures were changing as well. The kin (that is the enlarged family) as the main organising factor was beginning to lose ground to the smaller nuclear family.

Ökonomie als Sozialwissenschaft: Der wirtschaftende Mensch ist weder nur der selbstbezogene homo oeconomicus noch der normenkonforme homo sociologicus, sondern der teils egoistische und teils altruistische, teils freiheitsliebende und teils autoritätsgläubige lebendige Mensch. Auf der Grundlage eines realistischen Menschenbildes wird dem Leser nicht nur die gesamte traditionelle Mikroökonomik plausibler als durch übliche Lehrbücher nahegebracht, sondern er wird darüber hinaus in eine Fülle weiterer ökonomischer Fachgebiete eingeführt. Dazu gehören u.a. die ökonomische Analyse des Rechts, die Spieltheorie, die Neue Politische Ökonomie, die ökonomische Theorie der Geschichte, Ansätze einer ökologisch reflektierten Produktionstheorie, verschiedene Theorien und Modelle zur Analyse kollektiver Phänomene sowie eine ökonomische Normentheorie. Das vereinheitlichende Band für diese fächer- und gebietsübergreifende Einführung in die Mikroökonomik ist das Alternativkosten-Konzept - eine Denkweise, die die Psychologie wie die Soziologie, die Politik- wie die Rechtswissenschaft mit der Ökonomie zu verbinden weiß. Trocken, spekulativ, abgehoben? Nein, anschaulich, lebendig und witzig wird all dies dargeboten. Der Leser möge selbst urteilen!

Das bewährte Konzept, durch Frage und Antwort in die zu lösenden Probleme einzuführen, ist auch in der fünften Auflage beibehalten worden. Dadurch wird der Leser in das ökonomische Denken eingeübt und lernt nicht nur vorgedachtes Wissen, das er doch spätestens wenige Monate nach dem Examen wieder vergisst. Das vereinheitlichende Band für diese fächerübergreifende Einführung in die Mikroökonomik ist das Alternativkosten-Konzept - eine Denkweise, die die Psychologie wie die Soziologie, die Politik- wie die Rechtswissenschaft mit der Ökonomie zu verbinden weiß. Vertreten ist auch die übliche formale Darstellung des Haushalts und der Unternehmung. Dazu bietet das Buch Aufgaben von den Grundlagen der Mikroökonomie bis hin zur Selbstorganisation und Evolution inklusive Evolutionsspiel, zum Oligopol, zur Konsumenten- und Produzentenrente, zum Shapley-Wert, zur Chaos- und Katastrophentheorie. Trocken, spekulativ, abgehoben? Nein, anschaulich, lebendig und witzig wird all dies dargeboten. Der Leser möge selbst urteilen.

Am 25. Mai 2008 vollendet Hans-Bernd Schäfer sein 65. Lebensjahr. Damit endet nach 32 Jahren seine aktive Zeit an der Universität Hamburg. In diesen 32 Jahren hat Hans-Bernd Schäfer in einer beispiellosen Kraftanstrengung die Entwicklung der „ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts“ – einer Forschungsrichtung, die sich Anfang der siebziger Jahre in den USA e- wickelt hat – in Europa vorangetrieben und in den Köpfen einer zunehmenden Anzahl von Juristen und Ökonomen verankert. In dem 1986 zusammen mit Claus Ott in erster Auflage verfassten „Lehrbuch der ö- nomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts“ wird der Ansatz der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts, der ursprünglich anhand des angelsächsischen „common law“ entwickelt wurde, erstmals systematisch auf das kontinentaleuropäische „civil law“ angewendet. Das große Interesse an diesem Buch im In- und Ausland wird dadurch eindrucksvoll belegt, dass die deutsche A- gabe in der vierten Auflage vorliegt und dass inzwischen eine englische, eine spanische und eine chinesische Ausgabe zur Verfügung stehen. Hans-Bernd Schäfer hat sein Interesse an der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts nicht nur durch eine Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen zu den unterschiedlichsten rechtspolitischen Problemen in angesehenen juristischen und öko- mischen Fachzeitschriften sowie durch die Herausgabe zahlreicher Konferenzbände do- mentiert. Als gelernter Ökonom hat er systematisch den Dialog mit den juristischen Fa- kollegen gesucht und gemeinsam mit diesen immer wieder interdisziplinäre Lehrv- anstaltungen angeboten. Gemeinsam mit Claus Ott hat er vor etwa zwanzig Jahren das alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Travemünder Symposium zur ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts ins Leben gerufen.

Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre gibt es eine Reihe von Initiativen der Europäischen Kommission und des Europäischen Parlaments, die darauf hinzielen, die bestehende territoriale Zersplitterung des Zivilrechts durch eine stärkere Annäherung oder gar Harmonisierung der wesentlichen zivilrechtlichen Normen der Mitgliedstaaten wieder aufzuheben und letztlich eine "Europäisierung" des Zivilrechts herbeizuführen. Genau hier setzt die aktuelle Diskussion an, der sich der vorliegende Tagungsband aus der Sicht der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts widmet. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob eine Harmonisierung zivilrechtlicher Normen der Mitgliedstaaten tatsächlich erforderlich und auch geeignet ist, einen freizügigen Verkehr von Waren, Dienstleistungen, Personen und Kapital in der Europäischen Union durchzusetzen oder die europäischen Verbraucher angemessen zu schützen. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, wie die harmonisierten zivilrechtlichen Normen inhaltlich beschaffen sein müssen, um die proklamierten Binnenmarkt- und verbraucherpolitischen Ziele zu erreichen, und ob die zivilrechtlichen Normen, die bereits zum Bestand des acquis communautaire gehören, diesen Anforderungen genügen. Verschiedene Beiträge widmen sich der Frage, unter welchen Bedingungen eine dezentrale 'Produktion' von Rechtsnormen durch die nationalen Gesetzgeber zu einem Wettbewerb zwischen den verschiedenen Rechtsordnungen führt - sei es in der Form eines "yardstick competition", sei es in der Form eines mobilitätsgetriebenen Wettbewerbs - und ob in diesem Fall der Wettbewerb tendenziell zu einer Verbesserung oder einer Verschlechterung des Status quo führt.

Es besteht der weit verbreitete Eindruck, dass Verwaltungs- und Gerichtsverfahren zu lange dauern, ineffizient sind und nur eingeschränkt zu richtigen Ergebnissen führen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind die vorliegenden Beiträge, Kommentare und Diskussionen des XI. Travemünder Symposiums der ökonomischen Analyse des Verfahrensrechts gewidmet.Die Beiträge befassen sich einerseits mit solch fundamentalen Fragestellungen wie der nach den Kosten und Nutzen des Justizsystems gegenüber außergerichtlichen Streitbeilegungsmechanismen. Andererseits behandeln sie spezifische Aspekte des Verfahrensrechts, z.B. die Rolle des Anwalts, die Auswirkungen der Altersstruktur der Richter auf Produktivität und Qualität der Entscheidungen, die Frage nach dem Zugang zu Rechtsmitteln und der Ausstattung der Instanzen oder die Frage, welches Beweismaß zum effizienten Grad von Gewissheit seitens des Richters führt.

This comprehensive volume comprises original essays by authors well known for their work on the European Union. Together they provide the reader with an economic analysis of the most important elements of EU law and the mechanisms for decisions within the EU.

The Handbook focuses particularly on how the development of EU law negotiates the tension between market integration, national sovereignty and political democracy. The book begins with chapters examining constitutional issues, while further chapters address the establishment of a single market. The volume also addresses sovereign debt problems by providing a detailed analysis of the architecture of the EU''s monetary institutions, its monetary policy and their implications.

The depth and breadth of the Handbook''s coverage make it an essential reference for students, scholars and policymakers interested in the complexities of the European Union.

Contributors: H. Brucker, F. Cafaggi, E. Carbonara, T. Eger, M.G. Faure, J. Fidrmuc, N. Garoupa, F. Gomez, M.J. Holler, P.C. Leyens, B. Luppi, A. Nicita, R. Pardolesi, F. Parisi, J. Pelkmans, H.-B. Schafer, H. Siekmann, G. Tsebelis, S. Voigt, H.-J. Wagener

This comprehensive volume comprises original essays by authors well known for their work on the European Union. Together they provide the reader with an economic analysis of the most important elements of EU law and the mechanisms for decisions within the EU. The Handbook focuses particularly on how the development of EU law negotiates the tension between market integration, national sovereignty and political democracy. The book begins with chapters examining constitutional issues, while further chapters address the establishment of a single market. The volume also addresses sovereign debt problems by providing a detailed analysis of the architecture of the EU's monetary institutions, its monetary policy and their implications. The depth and breadth of the Handbook's coverage make it an essential reference for students, scholars and policymakers interested in the complexities of the European Union. Contributors: H. Brucker, F. Cafaggi, E. Carbonara, T. Eger, M.G. Faure, J. Fidrmuc, N. Garoupa, F. Gomez, M.J. Holler, P.C. Leyens, B. Luppi, A. Nicita, R. Pardolesi, F. Parisi, J. Pelkmans, H.-B. Schafer, H. Siekmann, G. Tsebelis, S. Voigt, H.-J. Wagener

The increasing shift towards digital publishing has provoked much debate concerning the issues surrounding ‘'Open Access’' (OA), including its economic implications. This timely book considers how the future of academic publishing might look in a purely digital environment and utilises unique empirical data in order to analyze the experiences of researchers with, as well as attitudes towards, OA publishing.Presenting findings from a novel, in-depth survey with more than 10,000 respondents from 25 countries, this book shows that the research culture of scientific research differs considerably between disciplines and countries. These differences significantly determine the role of both '‘gold’' and '‘green’' forms of OA and foster both opportunity and risk. Discussing their findings in the light of recent policy attempts to foster OA, Thomas Eger and Marc Scheufen reveal considerable shortcomings and lack of knowledge on fundamental features of the academic publishing market and conclude by highlighting a policy agenda for its future development.Well-timed and far-reaching, this book will be of particular interest to students and scholars interested in the economic analysis of copyright law. Academic librarians and research sponsors will also benefit from the insights offered.

The increasing shift towards digital publishing has provoked much debate concerning the issues surrounding ‘''Open Access’'' (OA), including its economic implications. This timely book considers how the future of academic publishing might look in a purely digital environment and utilises unique empirical data in order to analyze the experiences of researchers with, as well as attitudes towards, OA publishing.

Presenting findings from a novel, in-depth survey with more than 10,000 respondents from 25 countries, this book shows that the research culture of scientific research differs considerably between disciplines and countries. These differences significantly determine the role of both ''‘gold’'' and ''‘green’'' forms of OA and foster both opportunity and risk. Discussing their findings in the light of recent policy attempts to foster OA, Thomas Eger and Marc Scheufen reveal considerable shortcomings and lack of knowledge on fundamental features of the academic publishing market and conclude by highlighting a policy agenda for its future development.

Well-timed and far-reaching, this book will be of particular interest to students and scholars interested in the economic analysis of copyright law. Academic librarians and research sponsors will also benefit from the insights offered.

This book comprises contributions on recent developments in China from a law and economics perspective. For the first time Chinese and European scholars jointly discuss some important attributes of China's legal and economic system, and some recent problems, from this particular viewpoint.The authors apply an economic analysis of law not only to general characteristics of China's social order, such as the specific type of federal competition, the efficiency of taxation and regulation, and the importance of informal institutions (Guanxi), but also to distinct areas of Chinese law such as competition policy, professional regulation, corporate governance and capital markets, oil pollution, intellectual property rights and internet games. The contributors discuss to what extent the law and economic models that have so far been employed within the context of developed countries can be applied to a country like China as well. The European scholars use law and economics in order to determine what China could learn from the European experience. The Chinese scholars discuss whether law and economics can be of any use in analysing the particular features of the Chinese legal system today.Economic Analysis of Law in China will appeal to lawyers, economists and social scientists in China interested in developing legal institutions with an eye on economic efficiency. Scholars generally interested in the economic analysis of law, as well as in the comparison and transition of economic systems, will also find much in this book that will be of interest to them.

This book comprises contributions on recent developments in China from a law and economics perspective. For the first time Chinese and European scholars jointly discuss some important attributes of China''s legal and economic system, and some recent problems, from this particular viewpoint.

The authors apply an economic analysis of law not only to general characteristics of China''s social order, such as the specific type of federal competition, the efficiency of taxation and regulation, and the importance of informal institutions (Guanxi), but also to distinct areas of Chinese law such as competition policy, professional regulation, corporate governance and capital markets, oil pollution, intellectual property rights and internet games. The contributors discuss to what extent the law and economic models that have so far been employed within the context of developed countries can be applied to a country like China as well. The European scholars use law and economics in order to determine what China could learn from the European experience. The Chinese scholars discuss whether law and economics can be of any use in analysing the particular features of the Chinese legal system today.

Economic Analysis of Law in China will appeal to lawyers, economists and social scientists in China interested in developing legal institutions with an eye on economic efficiency. Scholars generally interested in the economic analysis of law, as well as in the comparison and transition of economic systems, will also find much in this book that will be of interest to them.

This comprehensive volume comprises original essays by authors well known for their work on the European Union. Together they provide the reader with an economic analysis of the most important elements of EU law and the mechanisms for decisions within the EU. The Handbook focuses particularly on how the development of EU law negotiates the tension between market integration, national sovereignty and political democracy. The book begins with chapters examining constitutional issues, while further chapters address the establishment of a single market. The volume also addresses sovereign debt problems by providing a detailed analysis of the architecture of the EU's monetary institutions, its monetary policy and their implications. The depth and breadth of the Handbook's coverage make it an essential reference for students, scholars and policymakers interested in the complexities of the European Union. Contributors: H. Brucker, F. Cafaggi, E. Carbonara, T. Eger, M.G. Faure, J. Fidrmuc, N. Garoupa, F. Gomez, M.J. Holler, P.C. Leyens, B. Luppi, A. Nicita, R. Pardolesi, F. Parisi, J. Pelkmans, H.-B. Schafer, H. Siekmann, G. Tsebelis, S. Voigt, H.-J. Wagener

Die ökonomische Analyse des internationalen Rechts ist ein noch sehr junger, aber seit einigen Jahren wachsender und äußerst vielversprechender Forschungsbereich. Daher haben sich die Veranstalter des XIII. Travemünder Symposiums zur ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts vorgenommen, Ökonomen und Juristen aus europäischen und nicht-europäischen Ländern zusammenzubringen, um einige offene Probleme des internationalen Rechts zu diskutieren. Die Beiträge reichen von eher klassischen Themen, wie der Legitimität des Völkergewohnheitsrechts, zu sehr aktuellen Problemen wie dem Datenschutz im Internet, der Rolle von Söldnerheeren, dem Kampf gegen moderne Seeräuber, den Erfahrungen mit dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof sowie dem Phänomen des "land grabbing".

Die ökonomische Analyse des internationalen Rechts ist ein noch sehr junger, aber seit einigen Jahren wachsender und äußerst vielversprechender Forschungsbereich. Daher haben sich die Veranstalter des XIV. Travemünder Symposiums zur ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts zum zweiten Mal vorgenommen, Ökonomen und Juristen aus europäischen und nicht-europäischen Ländern zusammenzubringen, um einige offene Probleme des internationalen Rechts zu diskutieren. In den daraus entstandenen Beiträgen dieses Bandes wird diskutiert, wie sich Naturkatastrophen, Bürgerkriege oder wirtschaftliche Zusammenbrüche auf das internationale Recht auswirken und wie das internationale Recht diesen extremen Bedingungen zu begegnen sucht.

Examination Thesis from the year 2003 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: "e;Love"e; is a central topic in Shakespeare's plays. Many of his couples have gained a status of immortality: Antony and Cleopatra, Romeo and Juliet, or Beatrice and Benedick are only a few examples. These lovers share one experience, which Lysander in "e;A Midsummer Night's Dream"e; sums up very clearly:"e;The course of true love never did run smooth ..."e; (1,1,134)This dilemma is the "e;raw material"e; I am interested in. I will take three Shakespearean plays with "e;love"e; as their central issue and examine the protagonists' courses of love in them. This involves the beginning, the obstacles in the way, the reactions to these obstacles and the final failure or success to overcome them. The plays chosen are "e;Romeo and Juliet"e;, "e;All's Well that Ends Well"e;, and "e;The Taming of the Shrew"e;. In the First Folio edition the first one is classified as belonging to the literary form of "e;tragedy"e;, the latter two as "e;comedies"e;. This leads me to the second element in the title, which is "e;dramatic genre"e;. What Northrop Frye says about comedy is also valid for tragedy:"e;If a play in a theatre is subtitled 'a comedy', information is conveyed to a potential audience about what kind of thing to expect, and this type of information has been intelligible since before the days of Aristophanes."e;One such expectation concerns a play's mood. Here lies a fundamental difference between tragedy and comedy. Generally speaking, the audience expects that a comedy creates a happy mood and a tragedy a sad one. However, I am not alone finding that "e;Romeo"e; is a rather happy play over long stretches, whereas "e;The Taming"e; and "e;All's Well"e; are anything but thoroughly happy pieces. In these three dramas Shakespeare only partly fulfils the expectations, which are evoked. Their generic structure does not generate a consistent mood. So what are the causes of this inconsistency?

Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: In his book "e;Dr. Bowdler's Legacy"e; Noel Perrin tells us in the first chapter that a big change of morality took place with the turn of the nineteenth century in England. He puts it as follows: "e;... the first new generation of the nineteenth century (grew) up more strait-laced, inhibited, and conventional than its parents, so that sons discussed their fathers' wild oaths, and daughters worried about their mothers' loose sexual behaviour."e; According to Perrin one of the cornerstones of this new way of thinking was that the people began to acquire a more reserved attitude towards sexuality. The chief cause of this tendency was what can be called the rise of the idea of delicacy, or "e;the new prudery"e;. From the middle of the eighteenth century onwards, delicacy came to be regarded as a special and precious characteristic - especially among women. Basically, it means that people felt offended as soon as they were confronted with sexuality in whatever form. Blushing and fainting were outward indicators of this new propriety. Another consequence was that people began to keep away from anything that might be a burden on their conscience. An important result of this trend was the emergence of the idea of expurgation in literature. That is people simply started to remove "e;words or scenes that were considered likely to offend or shock"e;. The pioneering work in this field was Dr. Bowdler's "e;Family Shakespeare"e;, which was published in 1807. Dr. Bowdler's aim was - according to the fashion of his time - "e;to exclude from this publication whatever is unfit to be read aloud by a gentleman to a company of ladies"e;. In another passage he says that he wants to enable a father to read one of Shakespeare's plays to his family circle "e;without incurring the danger of falling unawares among words and expressions which are of such a nature as to raise a blush on the cheek of modesty ..."e;. As he says in the preface to the first edition, Bowdler was primarily concerned with profanity and obscenity. In this essay I will constrict myself to the field of obscenity in its sexual dimension. In the first part of my paper I will watch a Victorian at work by examining Bowdler's version of "e;Romeo and Juliet"e; and comparing it to Shakespeare's. What kind of words and passages does he change and in what way does he revise them? Does he treat different terms in different ways?

Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,3, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: Why was Shakespeare so successful in his times? How come, his plays drew the masses into the theatres? How did he manage to attract all these different groups of people with different backgrounds at the same time? These are the questions I will have in the back of my mind while writing this paper. I will examine one aspect of his style more closely, which I found in hisRomeo and Juliet.In doing so, I hope to give at least some small explanation of the reason of his overwhelming success. It was probably in 1595 when Shakespeare wrote this famous tragedy. He was doing so, living in a society which was leaving the Middle Ages far behind and rapidly growing in complexity. The English society was splitting up into a huge variety of different groups and organisations. The Reformation produced a wealth of new religious groupings. Especially the Puritans were to become very influential in England. The rise of the middle class was taking place under the reign of queen Elizabeth, which was combining artisans, merchants and the more prosperous peasants and was accumulating new resources and capital. The aristocracy was changing: It was opening up for new members, mostly wholesalers who had earned a fortune with the profitable overseas trade. The decline of the ancient system of feudalism was highly advanced, which for the common peasant meant that he wasn't tied to his small piece of soil any longer. He was much more mobile now. Family structures were changing as well. The kin (that is the enlarged family) as the main organising factor was beginning to lose ground to the smaller nuclear family.

Ökonomie als Sozialwissenschaft: Der wirtschaftende Mensch ist weder nur der selbstbezogene homo oeconomicus noch der normenkonforme homo sociologicus, sondern der teils egoistische und teils altruistische, teils freiheitsliebende und teils autoritätsgläubige lebendige Mensch. Auf der Grundlage eines realistischen Menschenbildes wird dem Leser nicht nur die gesamte traditionelle Mikroökonomik plausibler als durch übliche Lehrbücher nahegebracht, sondern er wird darüber hinaus in eine Fülle weiterer ökonomischer Fachgebiete eingeführt. Dazu gehören u.a. die ökonomische Analyse des Rechts, die Spieltheorie, die Neue Politische Ökonomie, die ökonomische Theorie der Geschichte, Ansätze einer ökologisch reflektierten Produktionstheorie, verschiedene Theorien und Modelle zur Analyse kollektiver Phänomene sowie eine ökonomische Normentheorie. Das vereinheitlichende Band für diese fächer- und gebietsübergreifende Einführung in die Mikroökonomik ist das Alternativkosten-Konzept - eine Denkweise, die die Psychologie wie die Soziologie, die Politik- wie die Rechtswissenschaft mit der Ökonomie zu verbinden weiß. Trocken, spekulativ, abgehoben? Nein, anschaulich, lebendig und witzig wird all dies dargeboten. Der Leser möge selbst urteilen!

Das bewährte Konzept, durch Frage und Antwort in die zu lösenden Probleme einzuführen, ist auch in der fünften Auflage beibehalten worden. Dadurch wird der Leser in das ökonomische Denken eingeübt und lernt nicht nur vorgedachtes Wissen, das er doch spätestens wenige Monate nach dem Examen wieder vergisst. Das vereinheitlichende Band für diese fächerübergreifende Einführung in die Mikroökonomik ist das Alternativkosten-Konzept - eine Denkweise, die die Psychologie wie die Soziologie, die Politik- wie die Rechtswissenschaft mit der Ökonomie zu verbinden weiß. Vertreten ist auch die übliche formale Darstellung des Haushalts und der Unternehmung. Dazu bietet das Buch Aufgaben von den Grundlagen der Mikroökonomie bis hin zur Selbstorganisation und Evolution inklusive Evolutionsspiel, zum Oligopol, zur Konsumenten- und Produzentenrente, zum Shapley-Wert, zur Chaos- und Katastrophentheorie. Trocken, spekulativ, abgehoben? Nein, anschaulich, lebendig und witzig wird all dies dargeboten. Der Leser möge selbst urteilen.

Am 25. Mai 2008 vollendet Hans-Bernd Schäfer sein 65. Lebensjahr. Damit endet nach 32 Jahren seine aktive Zeit an der Universität Hamburg. In diesen 32 Jahren hat Hans-Bernd Schäfer in einer beispiellosen Kraftanstrengung die Entwicklung der „ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts“ – einer Forschungsrichtung, die sich Anfang der siebziger Jahre in den USA e- wickelt hat – in Europa vorangetrieben und in den Köpfen einer zunehmenden Anzahl von Juristen und Ökonomen verankert. In dem 1986 zusammen mit Claus Ott in erster Auflage verfassten „Lehrbuch der ö- nomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts“ wird der Ansatz der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts, der ursprünglich anhand des angelsächsischen „common law“ entwickelt wurde, erstmals systematisch auf das kontinentaleuropäische „civil law“ angewendet. Das große Interesse an diesem Buch im In- und Ausland wird dadurch eindrucksvoll belegt, dass die deutsche A- gabe in der vierten Auflage vorliegt und dass inzwischen eine englische, eine spanische und eine chinesische Ausgabe zur Verfügung stehen. Hans-Bernd Schäfer hat sein Interesse an der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts nicht nur durch eine Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen zu den unterschiedlichsten rechtspolitischen Problemen in angesehenen juristischen und öko- mischen Fachzeitschriften sowie durch die Herausgabe zahlreicher Konferenzbände do- mentiert. Als gelernter Ökonom hat er systematisch den Dialog mit den juristischen Fa- kollegen gesucht und gemeinsam mit diesen immer wieder interdisziplinäre Lehrv- anstaltungen angeboten. Gemeinsam mit Claus Ott hat er vor etwa zwanzig Jahren das alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Travemünder Symposium zur ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts ins Leben gerufen.

Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre gibt es eine Reihe von Initiativen der Europäischen Kommission und des Europäischen Parlaments, die darauf hinzielen, die bestehende territoriale Zersplitterung des Zivilrechts durch eine stärkere Annäherung oder gar Harmonisierung der wesentlichen zivilrechtlichen Normen der Mitgliedstaaten wieder aufzuheben und letztlich eine "Europäisierung" des Zivilrechts herbeizuführen. Genau hier setzt die aktuelle Diskussion an, der sich der vorliegende Tagungsband aus der Sicht der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts widmet. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob eine Harmonisierung zivilrechtlicher Normen der Mitgliedstaaten tatsächlich erforderlich und auch geeignet ist, einen freizügigen Verkehr von Waren, Dienstleistungen, Personen und Kapital in der Europäischen Union durchzusetzen oder die europäischen Verbraucher angemessen zu schützen. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, wie die harmonisierten zivilrechtlichen Normen inhaltlich beschaffen sein müssen, um die proklamierten Binnenmarkt- und verbraucherpolitischen Ziele zu erreichen, und ob die zivilrechtlichen Normen, die bereits zum Bestand des acquis communautaire gehören, diesen Anforderungen genügen. Verschiedene Beiträge widmen sich der Frage, unter welchen Bedingungen eine dezentrale 'Produktion' von Rechtsnormen durch die nationalen Gesetzgeber zu einem Wettbewerb zwischen den verschiedenen Rechtsordnungen führt - sei es in der Form eines "yardstick competition", sei es in der Form eines mobilitätsgetriebenen Wettbewerbs - und ob in diesem Fall der Wettbewerb tendenziell zu einer Verbesserung oder einer Verschlechterung des Status quo führt.

Es besteht der weit verbreitete Eindruck, dass Verwaltungs- und Gerichtsverfahren zu lange dauern, ineffizient sind und nur eingeschränkt zu richtigen Ergebnissen führen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind die vorliegenden Beiträge, Kommentare und Diskussionen des XI. Travemünder Symposiums der ökonomischen Analyse des Verfahrensrechts gewidmet.Die Beiträge befassen sich einerseits mit solch fundamentalen Fragestellungen wie der nach den Kosten und Nutzen des Justizsystems gegenüber außergerichtlichen Streitbeilegungsmechanismen. Andererseits behandeln sie spezifische Aspekte des Verfahrensrechts, z.B. die Rolle des Anwalts, die Auswirkungen der Altersstruktur der Richter auf Produktivität und Qualität der Entscheidungen, die Frage nach dem Zugang zu Rechtsmitteln und der Ausstattung der Instanzen oder die Frage, welches Beweismaß zum effizienten Grad von Gewissheit seitens des Richters führt.