Advances in Mathematics Education – serie

This book brings together and builds on the current research efforts on adaptation, conceptualization, and theorization of Lesson Study (LS). It synthesizes and illustrates major perspectives for theorizing LS and enriches the conceptualization of LS by interpreting the activity as it is used in Japan and China from historical and cultural perspectives. Presenting the practices and theories of LS with practicing teachers and prospective teachers in more than 10 countries, it enables the reader to take a comparative perspective. Finally, the book presents and discusses studies on key aspects of LS such as lesson planning, post-lesson discussion, guiding theories, connection between research and practice, and upscaling.Lesson Study, which has originated in Asia as a powerful effective professional development model, has spread globally. Although the positive effects of lesson study on teacher learning, student learning, and curriculum reforms have been widely documented,conceptualization of and research on LS have just begun to emerge. This book, including 38 chapters contributed by 90 scholars from 21 countries, presents a truly international collaboration on research on and adaptation of LS, and significantly advances the development of knowledge about this process.Chapter 15: "How Variance and Invariance Can Inform Teachers’ Enactment of Mathematics Lessons" of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.comTheory and Practice of Lesson Study in Mathematics: An International Perspective shows that the power of Lesson Study to transform the role of teachers in classroom research cannot be explained by a simple replication model. Here we see Lesson Study being successful internationally when its key principles and practices are taken seriously and are adapted to meet local issues and challenges.  (Max Stephens, Senior research fellow at TheUniversity of Melbourne)It works. Instruction improves, learning improves. Wide scale?  Enduring? Deep impact? Lesson study has it. When something works as well as lesson study does, while alternative systems for improving  instruction fail, or only succeed on small scale or evaporate as quickly as they show promise, it is time to understand how and why lesson study works. This volume brings the research on lesson study together from around the world. Here is what we already know and here is the way forward for research and practice informed by research. It is time to wake up and pay attention to what has worked so well, on wide scale for so long.(Phil Dara, A leading author of the Common Core State Standards of Mathematics in the U.S.)

In the book, the relationship between affect and modeling is discussed because, as educational psychologists have suggested for decades, affect directly influences achievement. Moreover, given the importance of mathematical modeling and the applications to high level mathematics, it provides the field of mathematics psychology with insight regarding affect, in relation to mathematical modeling. By doing so it helps determine the degree to which understanding of mathematics and understanding affect in mathematical modeling episodes may have a direct effect on cognition.

This volume brings together recent research and commentary in secondary school mathematics from a breadth of contemporary Canadian and International researchers and educators. It is both representative of mathematics education generally, as well as unique to the particular geography and culture of Canada. The chapters address topics of broad applicability such as technology in learning mathematics, recent interest in social justice contexts in the learning of mathematics, as well as Indigenous education. The voices of classroom practitioners, the group ultimately responsible for implementing this new vision of mathematics teaching and learning, are not forgotten. Each section includes a chapter written by a classroom teacher, making this volume unique in its approach. We have much to learn from one another, and this volume takes the stance that the development of a united vision, supported by both research and professional dialog, provides the first step.

This volume is a forward–looking intersection of Sociological perspectives on mathematics classrooms and socio-political perspectives on mathematics education. The first perspective has generated a substantial body of knowledge in the mathematics education. Interactionist research has deepened our understanding of interaction processes, socio-mathematical norms and the negotiation of meaning, generating a ‘micro-sociology’ or a ‘micro-ethnography’ of the mathematics classroom. More recently, socio-political perspectives on mathematics education interrelate educational practices in mathematics with macro-social issues of social equity, class, and race and with the policies that regulate institutionalized mathematics education. This book documents, strings together and juxtaposes research that uses ethnographical classroom data to explain, on the one hand, how socio-political issues play out in the mathematics class. On the other hand, it illuminates how class, race etc.affect the micro-sociology of the mathematics classroom. The volume advances the knowledge in the field by providing an empirical grounding of socio-political research on mathematics education, and it extends the frame in which mathematical classroom cultures are conceived.

This edited volume will help educators better analyze methodological and practical tools designed to aid classroom instruction. It features papers that explore the need to create a system in order to fully meet the uncertainties and developments of modern educational phenomena. These have emerged due to the abundance of digital resources and new forms of collective work.The collected papers offer new perspectives to a rising field of research known as the Documentational Approach to Didactics. This framework was first created by the editors of this book. It seeks to develop a deeper understanding of mathematics teaching expertise. Readers will gain insight into how to meet the theoretical questions brought about by digitalization. These include: how to analyze teachers’ work when they prepare for their teaching, how to conceptualize the relationships between individual and collective work, and how to follow the related processes over the long term.The contributorsalso provide a comparative view in terms of contrasting selected phenomena across different educational cultures and education systems. For instance, they consider how differences in curriculum resources are available to teachers and how teachers make use of them to shape instruction. Coverage also considers the extent to which teachers make use of additional material, particularly those available through the global marketplace on the Internet. This book builds on works from the Re(s)sources 2018 Conference, Understanding teachers’ work through their interactions with resources for teaching, held in Lyon, France.

This edited volume will help educators better analyze methodological and practical tools designed to aid classroom instruction. It features papers that explore the need to create a system in order to fully meet the uncertainties and developments of modern educational phenomena. These have emerged due to the abundance of digital resources and new forms of collective work.The collected papers offer new perspectives to a rising field of research known as the Documentational Approach to Didactics. This framework was first created by the editors of this book. It seeks to develop a deeper understanding of mathematics teaching expertise. Readers will gain insight into how to meet the theoretical questions brought about by digitalization. These include: how to analyze teachers’ work when they prepare for their teaching, how to conceptualize the relationships between individual and collective work, and how to follow the related processes over the long term.The contributorsalso provide a comparative view in terms of contrasting selected phenomena across different educational cultures and education systems. For instance, they consider how differences in curriculum resources are available to teachers and how teachers make use of them to shape instruction. Coverage also considers the extent to which teachers make use of additional material, particularly those available through the global marketplace on the Internet. This book builds on works from the Re(s)sources 2018 Conference, Understanding teachers’ work through their interactions with resources for teaching, held in Lyon, France.

This edited volume presents a broad range of original practice-oriented research studies about tertiary mathematics education. These are based on current theoretical frameworks and on established and innovative empirical research methods. It provides a relevant overview of current research, along with being a valuable resource for researchers in tertiary mathematics education, including novices in the field. Its practice orientation research makes it attractive to university mathematics teachers interested in getting access to current ideas and results, including theory-based and empirically evaluated teaching and learning innovations.The content of the book is spread over 5 sections: The secondary-tertiary transition; University students' mathematical practices and mathematical inquiry; Research on teaching and curriculum design; University students’ mathematical inquiry and Mathematics for non-specialists.

This edited volume presents a broad range of original practice-oriented research studies about tertiary mathematics education. These are based on current theoretical frameworks and on established and innovative empirical research methods. It provides a relevant overview of current research, along with being a valuable resource for researchers in tertiary mathematics education, including novices in the field. Its practice orientation research makes it attractive to university mathematics teachers interested in getting access to current ideas and results, including theory-based and empirically evaluated teaching and learning innovations.The content of the book is spread over 5 sections: The secondary-tertiary transition; University students' mathematical practices and mathematical inquiry; Research on teaching and curriculum design; University students’ mathematical inquiry and Mathematics for non-specialists.

The book Critical Mathematics Education provides Ole Skovsmose’s recent contribution to the further development of critical mathematics education. It gives examples of learning environments, which invite students to engage in investigative processes. It discusses how mathematics can be used for identifying cases of social injustice, and it shows how mathematics itself can become investigated critically. Critical Mathematics Education addresses issues with respect to racism, oppression, erosion of democracy, sustainability, formatting power of mathematics, and banality of mathematical expertise. It explores relationships between mathematics, ethics, crises, and critique.Ole Skovsmose has published what I might call his magnum opus, a 280-page synthesis and extension of his work simply called Critical Mathematics Education. In it he brings together his deep philosophical understanding and theorisation of mathematics itself, mathematics in society from a critical perspective, and mathematics in the teaching, learning and formation of students. For the mathematics education community, especially those concerned with social justice, philosophy, critical pedagogy and the nature of mathematics this is likely to be the publishing event of the year. In this book he offers something lacking in the literature, a philosophy of applied mathematics, as well as much more. Paul Ernest, Emeritus Professor, University of Exeter, UK

The book Critical Mathematics Education provides Ole Skovsmose’s recent contribution to the further development of critical mathematics education. It gives examples of learning environments, which invite students to engage in investigative processes. It discusses how mathematics can be used for identifying cases of social injustice, and it shows how mathematics itself can become investigated critically. Critical Mathematics Education addresses issues with respect to racism, oppression, erosion of democracy, sustainability, formatting power of mathematics, and banality of mathematical expertise. It explores relationships between mathematics, ethics, crises, and critique.Ole Skovsmose has published what I might call his magnum opus, a 280-page synthesis and extension of his work simply called Critical Mathematics Education. In it he brings together his deep philosophical understanding and theorisation of mathematics itself, mathematics in society from a critical perspective, and mathematics in the teaching, learning and formation of students. For the mathematics education community, especially those concerned with social justice, philosophy, critical pedagogy and the nature of mathematics this is likely to be the publishing event of the year. In this book he offers something lacking in the literature, a philosophy of applied mathematics, as well as much more. Paul Ernest, Emeritus Professor, University of Exeter, UK

This book is derived from selected papers from the Fourteenth International Congress on Mathematical Education Topic Study Group 12, Teaching and Learning Statistics. It describes recent research  on curriculum, pedagogy and outreach initiatives from countries as diverse as Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book has a focus on the use of data in the teaching and learning of statistics across grade levels and begins with an overview of the status  of statistics education and the use of data from seven different countries across the continents and the link between research and practice in those countries. Because it contains specific examples of the research, for  example, on the ways children learn,  the choice and implementation of tasks, or the role of informal inference, the book will be a great resource to those interested and involved in the teaching of statistics, curriculum developers, and statistics education researchers.

This book is derived from selected papers from the Fourteenth International Congress on Mathematical Education Topic Study Group 12, Teaching and Learning Statistics. It describes recent research  on curriculum, pedagogy and outreach initiatives from countries as diverse as Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book has a focus on the use of data in the teaching and learning of statistics across grade levels and begins with an overview of the status  of statistics education and the use of data from seven different countries across the continents and the link between research and practice in those countries. Because it contains specific examples of the research, for  example, on the ways children learn,  the choice and implementation of tasks, or the role of informal inference, the book will be a great resource to those interested and involved in the teaching of statistics, curriculum developers, and statistics education researchers.

This volume presents multiple perspectives on the uses of the history of mathematics for teaching and learning, including the value of historical topics in challenging mathematics tasks, for provoking teachers’ reflection on the nature of mathematics, curriculum development questions that mirror earlier pedagogical choices in the history of mathematics education, and the history of technological innovations in the teaching and learning of mathematics. An ethnomathematical perspective on the history of mathematics challenges readers to appreciate the role of mathematics in perpetuating consequences of colonialism. Histories of the textbook and its uses offer interesting insights into how technology has changed the fundamental role of curriculum materials and classroom pedagogies. History is explored as a source for the training of teachers, for good puzzles and problems, and for a broad understanding of mathematics education policy. Third in a series of sourcebooks fromthe International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Teaching, this collection of cutting-edge research, stories from the field, and policy implications is a contemporary and global perspective on current possibilities for the history of mathematics for mathematics education. This latest volume integrates discussions regarding history of mathematics, history of mathematics education and history of technology for education that have taken place at the Commission's recent annual conferences.

This volume presents multiple perspectives on the uses of the history of mathematics for teaching and learning, including the value of historical topics in challenging mathematics tasks, for provoking teachers’ reflection on the nature of mathematics, curriculum development questions that mirror earlier pedagogical choices in the history of mathematics education, and the history of technological innovations in the teaching and learning of mathematics. An ethnomathematical perspective on the history of mathematics challenges readers to appreciate the role of mathematics in perpetuating consequences of colonialism. Histories of the textbook and its uses offer interesting insights into how technology has changed the fundamental role of curriculum materials and classroom pedagogies. History is explored as a source for the training of teachers, for good puzzles and problems, and for a broad understanding of mathematics education policy. Third in a series of sourcebooks fromthe International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Teaching, this collection of cutting-edge research, stories from the field, and policy implications is a contemporary and global perspective on current possibilities for the history of mathematics for mathematics education. This latest volume integrates discussions regarding history of mathematics, history of mathematics education and history of technology for education that have taken place at the Commission's recent annual conferences.

This edited volume is written in memoriam of Professor Emeritus Ubiratan D’Ambrosio (1932 – 2021), who was a well-known Brazilian mathematics educator and historian of mathematics. This book explores the diverse facets of D’Ambrosio’s work as well as his legacy and the later adaptation of his ideas around the globe.It starts with a preface written by his son, Alexandre D' Ambrosio, who shares his personal experiences growing up with this father and his love for discovery. The book is then divided into four sections:Past and Future: Ubi’s Way of Seeing Education in the PresentRoots of EthnomathematicsEthnomathematics in ActionTrends in EthnomathematicsIt features diverse points of view and experiences that explore mathematics and culture from researchers in the Americas, Africa, Europe and South Asia. Chapters range from personal explorations of D’Ambrosio’s impact to broader views of his researchand work. This book forms part of the growing understanding of Ubiratan D’Ambrosio’s life, research, and the legacy he has left for millions of researchers, students and teachers worldwide. This book is appealing to anyone involved in mathematics education research as well as those interested in the history and future of mathematics education.

This edited volume is written in memoriam of Professor Emeritus Ubiratan D’Ambrosio (1932 – 2021), who was a well-known Brazilian mathematics educator and historian of mathematics. This book explores the diverse facets of D’Ambrosio’s work as well as his legacy and the later adaptation of his ideas around the globe.It starts with a preface written by his son, Alexandre D' Ambrosio, who shares his personal experiences growing up with this father and his love for discovery. The book is then divided into four sections:Past and Future: Ubi’s Way of Seeing Education in the PresentRoots of EthnomathematicsEthnomathematics in ActionTrends in EthnomathematicsIt features diverse points of view and experiences that explore mathematics and culture from researchers in the Americas, Africa, Europe and South Asia. Chapters range from personal explorations of D’Ambrosio’s impact to broader views of his researchand work. This book forms part of the growing understanding of Ubiratan D’Ambrosio’s life, research, and the legacy he has left for millions of researchers, students and teachers worldwide. This book is appealing to anyone involved in mathematics education research as well as those interested in the history and future of mathematics education.

This book opens the case on collaboration among mathematicians and mathematics educators. The authors of this book provide their research and experience based insights on collaboration to inspire the young generation of the mathematics community to engage in productive collaborations and exchange of knowledge early in their careers. These valuable collaborations are anticipated to generate innovative research questions that set new and novel paths for mathematics education research with ample possibilities yet to be realized and discovered.

This book opens the case on collaboration among mathematicians and mathematics educators. The authors of this book provide their research and experience based insights on collaboration to inspire the young generation of the mathematics community to engage in productive collaborations and exchange of knowledge early in their careers. These valuable collaborations are anticipated to generate innovative research questions that set new and novel paths for mathematics education research with ample possibilities yet to be realized and discovered.

This edited volume is an inquiry into the ethics of mathematics education, and to a lesser extent, the ethics of mathematics. The imposition of mathematics for all raises questions of ethics. What are the ethics of teaching school mathematics? What are the costs as well as the benefits? What are the ethical issues raised by the official aims of mathematics teaching, the planned curriculum, the pedagogies employed in school and college mathematics and the assessment systems? These questions are addressed in the book as well as what systems of ethics we might use. The volume ventures into a burgeoning new field. It offers a unique set of investigations, both theoretical and in terms of practices. It announces the ethics of mathematics education as a new subfield of research and includes valuable contributions from many of the best-known researchers in mathematics education; additionally, it is a valuable resource for students, teachers and researchers in the field. This is an enduring and classic source book in the field. From the wisdom of leading scholars to the little heard voices of students, this collection offers the reader many striking new insights into the ethics of mathematics and education.

This edited volume is an inquiry into the ethics of mathematics education, and to a lesser extent, the ethics of mathematics. The imposition of mathematics for all raises questions of ethics. What are the ethics of teaching school mathematics? What are the costs as well as the benefits? What are the ethical issues raised by the official aims of mathematics teaching, the planned curriculum, the pedagogies employed in school and college mathematics and the assessment systems? These questions are addressed in the book as well as what systems of ethics we might use. The volume ventures into a burgeoning new field. It offers a unique set of investigations, both theoretical and in terms of practices. It announces the ethics of mathematics education as a new subfield of research and includes valuable contributions from many of the best-known researchers in mathematics education; additionally, it is a valuable resource for students, teachers and researchers in the field. This is an enduring and classic source book in the field. From the wisdom of leading scholars to the little heard voices of students, this collection offers the reader many striking new insights into the ethics of mathematics and education.

This edited volume examines ethnomathematics conceptions, pedagogical practices, and research from international perspectives in times of local and global challenges. The book explores connections between mathematical, cultural, political, and social practices toward more inclusive, holistic, creative, transdisciplinary and critical ways of engaging with knowledge and mathematical actions in society. In this edited book, the authors explore how ethnomathematics supports transformation of educational systems toward regaining cultural reclamation and self-confidence, challenges colonial logics for decolonizing and Indigenizing mathematics education, and engages with actions for critical and social justice issues.

This edited volume examines ethnomathematics conceptions, pedagogical practices, and research from international perspectives in times of local and global challenges. The book explores connections between mathematical, cultural, political, and social practices toward more inclusive, holistic, creative, transdisciplinary and critical ways of engaging with knowledge and mathematical actions in society. In this edited book, the authors explore how ethnomathematics supports transformation of educational systems toward regaining cultural reclamation and self-confidence, challenges colonial logics for decolonizing and Indigenizing mathematics education, and engages with actions for critical and social justice issues.

This book provides a philosophy of mathematics that resonates with critical mathematics education. It draws attention to the social complexities that characterise the period of Modernity including the extreme exploitation of manual workers and their families, brutal forms of colonisations, trading of slaves, and the formation of racist ideologies. It portrays Modernity as a period of contradictions and highlights that mathematics is a part of these contradictions. The text interprets mathematics as being indefinite, seeing that mathematics is a part of the ongoing human constructions. It outlines a performative interpretation of mathematics, portraying mathematics as intrinsically connected to actions. Any kind of action, including mathematics-based actions, calls for ethical considerations and this leads to any mathematical practice, either in research, application, or education, to face ethical challenges. It illustrates with examples how a critical philosophy of mathematics can come to be an integral part of classroom practices.

This edited volume gathers contributions from international scholars focusing on social media's role and impact on mathematics education. Social media's integration into pedagogical strategies (from social networking sites to video-sharing platforms) offers the opportunity to enhance learning by fostering connectivity and engagement among students, ultimately improving mathematical understanding in educational settings. This text aims to provide guidance on the facilitation of peer learning and collaboration, as well as highlighting the necessary shift in traditional methods to include cyber assistance in the learning process.The book discusses how social media aligns with social-constructivist theories of learning, its consistency with the process of developing students into independent learners and provides means to ensuring educators remain relevant and connected to students' preferred modes of learning. Challenges and benefits of the use of social media tools in teaching are also detailed. Examining the potential for effective integration of social media in the classroom, this book is a valuable resource for educators, practitioners and researchers interested in mathematics education.

This edited volume gathers contributions from international scholars focusing on social media's role and impact on mathematics education. Social media's integration into pedagogical strategies (from social networking sites to video-sharing platforms) offers the opportunity to enhance learning by fostering connectivity and engagement among students, ultimately improving mathematical understanding in educational settings. This text aims to provide guidance on the facilitation of peer learning and collaboration, as well as highlighting the necessary shift in traditional methods to include cyber assistance in the learning process.The book discusses how social media aligns with social-constructivist theories of learning, its consistency with the process of developing students into independent learners and provides means to ensuring educators remain relevant and connected to students' preferred modes of learning. Challenges and benefits of the use of social media tools in teaching are also detailed. Examining the potential for effective integration of social media in the classroom, this book is a valuable resource for educators, practitioners and researchers interested in mathematics education.

This book surveys and examines different approaches and practices that contribute to the changes in mathematics instruction, including (1) innovative approaches that bring direct changes in classroom instructional practices, (2) curriculum reforms that introduce changes in content and requirements in classroom instruction, and (3) approaches in mathematics teacher education that aim to improve teachers’ expertise and practices. It also surveys relevant theory and methodology development in studying and assessing mathematics instruction.Classroom instruction is commonly seen as one of the key factors contributing to students’ learning of mathematics, but much remains to be understood about teachers’ instructional practices that lead to the development and enactment of effective classroom instruction, and approaches and practices developed and used to transform classroom instruction in different education systems.Transforming Mathematics Instruction is organized to help readers learn not only from reading individual chapters, but also from reading across chapters and sections to explore broader themes, including:- Identifying what is important in mathematics for teaching and learning emphasized in different approaches;- Exploring how students’ learning is considered and facilitated through different approaches and practices;- Understanding the nature of various approaches that are valued in different systems and cultural contexts;- Probing culturally valued approaches in identifying and evaluating effective instructional practices.The book brings new research and insights into multiple approaches and practices for transforming mathematics instruction to the international community of mathematics education, with 25 chapters and four section prefaces contributed by 56 scholars from 10 different education systems. This rich collection is indispensable reading for mathematics educators, researchers, teachereducators, curriculum developers, and graduate students interested in learning about different instructional practices, approaches for instructional transformation, and research in different education systems.It will help readers to reflect on approaches and practices that are useful for instructional changes in their own education systems, and also inspire them to identify and further explore new areas of research and program development in improving mathematics teaching and learning.

How can we deal with the diversity of theories in mathematics education? This was the main question that led the authors of this book to found the Networking Theories Group. Starting from the shared assumption that the existence of different theories is a resource for mathematics education research, the authors have explored the possibilities of interactions between theories, such as contrasting, coordinating, and locally integrating them. The book explains and illustrates what it means to network theories; it presents networking as a challenging but fruitful research practice and shows how the Group dealt with this challenge considering five theoretical approaches, namely the approach of Action, Production, and Communication (APC), the Theory of Didactical Situations (TDS), the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), the approach of Abstraction in Context (AiC), and the Theory of Interest-Dense Situations (IDS). A synthetic presentation of each theory and their connections shows how the activity of networking generates questions at the theoretical, methodological and practical levels and how the work on these questions leads to both theoretical and practical progress. The core of the book consists of four new networking case studies which illustrate what exactly can be gained by this approach and what kind of difficulties might arise.

This book connects seminal work in affect research and moves forward to provide a developing perspective on affect as the “decisive variable” of the mathematics classroom. In particular, the book contributes and investigates new conceptual frameworks and new methodological ‘tools’ in affect research and introduces the new field of ‘collectives’ to explore affect systems in diverse settings.Investigated by internationally renowned scholars, the book is build up in three dimensions. The first part of the book provides an overview of selected theoretical frames - theoretical lenses - to study the mosaic of relationships and interactions in the field of affect. In the second part the theory is enriched by empirical research studies and provides relevant findings in terms of developing deeper understandings of individuals’ and collectives’ affective systems in mathematics education. Here pupil and teacher beliefs and affect systems are examined more closely. The final part investigates the methodological tools used and needed in affect research. How can the different methodological designs contribute data which help us to develop better understandings of teachers’ and pupils’ affect systems for teaching and learning mathematics and in which ways are knowledge and affect related?

This book offers fresh insight and understanding of the many ways in which children, youth and adults may find their paths to mathematics. The chapters of the volume offer and analyse promising new ways into mathematics. The focus is on spaces and modalities of learning, dialogue and inquiry, embodiment and aesthetic experience, information and communication technology and on the use of mathematics in public communication. The chapters present new mathematical activities and conceptions enriching the repertoire of mathematics education practices. Critical commentaries discuss the innovative potential of the new approaches to the teaching and learning of mathematics. As a consequence, the commentaries point to requirements and open issues in the field of research in mathematics education.The volume is remarkably international. Teachers and researchers from 14 countries authored 21 chapters and 7 commentaries. The reader is invited to reflect on the particular effect of presenting avenues to mathematics contrived in diverse national settings in which the praxis of mathematics education might look different compared to what happens in the reader’s place.The book starts a series of sourcebooks edited by CIEAEM, the Commission Internationale pour l’Etude et l’Amélioration de l’Enseignement des Mathématiques / International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Education.