Challenges of Globalisation – serie

This Book attempts to deduce regulatory standards that can close the gaps between the Promises made and the Outcomes secured by the United Nations in relation to its use of force. It explores two broad questions in this regard: why the contemporary legal framework relevant to the regulation of force during Armed Conflict cannot close the gaps between the said Promises and Outcomes and how the ‘Unified Use of Force Rule’ formulated herein, achieves this. This is the first book to coherently analyse the moral as well as legal aspects relevant to UN use of force.UN peace operations are rapidly changing. Deployed peacekeepers are now required to use force in pursuance of numerous objectives such as self-defence, protecting civilians, and carrying out targeted offensive operations. As a result, questions about when, where, and how to use force have now become central to peacekeeping. While UN peace operations have managed to avoid catastrophes of the magnitude of Rwanda and Srebrenica for over two decades, crucial gaps still exist between what the UN promises on the use of force front, and what it achieves. Current conflict zones such as the Central African Republic, Eastern Congo, and Mali stand testament to this. This book searches for answers to these issues and identifies how an innovative mix of the relevant legal and moral rules can produce regulatory standards that can allow the UN to keep their promises. The discussion covers analytical ground that must be traversed ‘behind the scenes’ of UN deployment, well before the first troops set foot on a battlefield. The analysis ultimately produces a ‘Unified Use of Force Rule’, that can either be completely or partially used as a model set of Rules of Engagement by UN forces.This book will be immensely beneficial to law students, researchers, academics and practitioners in the fields of international relations, international law, peacekeeping, and human rights.

This Book attempts to deduce regulatory standards that can close the gaps between the Promises made and the Outcomes secured by the United Nations in relation to its use of force. It explores two broad questions in this regard: why the contemporary legal framework relevant to the regulation of force during Armed Conflict cannot close the gaps between the said Promises and Outcomes and how the ‘Unified Use of Force Rule’ formulated herein, achieves this. This is the first book to coherently analyse the moral as well as legal aspects relevant to UN use of force.UN peace operations are rapidly changing. Deployed peacekeepers are now required to use force in pursuance of numerous objectives such as self-defence, protecting civilians, and carrying out targeted offensive operations. As a result, questions about when, where, and how to use force have now become central to peacekeeping. While UN peace operations have managed to avoid catastrophes of the magnitude of Rwanda and Srebrenica for over two decades, crucial gaps still exist between what the UN promises on the use of force front, and what it achieves. Current conflict zones such as the Central African Republic, Eastern Congo, and Mali stand testament to this. This book searches for answers to these issues and identifies how an innovative mix of the relevant legal and moral rules can produce regulatory standards that can allow the UN to keep their promises. The discussion covers analytical ground that must be traversed ‘behind the scenes’ of UN deployment, well before the first troops set foot on a battlefield. The analysis ultimately produces a ‘Unified Use of Force Rule’, that can either be completely or partially used as a model set of Rules of Engagement by UN forces.This book will be immensely beneficial to law students, researchers, academics and practitioners in the fields of international relations, international law, peacekeeping, and human rights.

Is globalisation creating a more unequal world? Is it creating new forms of inequality? Does it make certain pre-existing forms of inequality more morally or politically significant than they would otherwise have been?Globalisation and Equality examines these and related questions, exploring the way increasing globalisation is challenging our conceptions of equality. The contributors explore these themes from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Some adopt a more abstract approach, exploring foundational questions concerning the meaning of equality, its social and political dimensions, and more specifically its moral implications in a global context. Others engage the general themes of globalisation and equality by focusing on specific topics, such as welfare, citizenship, gender, culture, and the environment.Original in the questions it poses, and interdisciplinary in its approach, this collection of essays will appeal to all those with an interest in globalisation and equality.

Globalisation and the Rule of Law reassesses the idea of the 'rule of law' within the present complex and increasingly internationalized environment. There have been many books studying the phenomenon of globalization and its economic, social or cultural consequences. This book, however, is the first to relate globalization exclusively to law. It examines the impact of globalization upon the rule of law, a fundamental value within liberal democratic sovereign states. The book opens with three chapters discussing the theory of the rule of law and its necessary reconceptualization in a global environment. Then, in three sections considering global trade, security and human rights, it proposes new ways of thinking about global law and its application in new and existing institutions of global governance. Contributors include top-flight academics, politicians and judges, making this book significant and relevant in both jurisprudential theory and political practice.

This multidisciplinary volume presents a refreshing new approach to environmental values in the global age. it investigates the challenges that globalization poses to traditional environmental values in general as well as in politics and international governance.Divided into five parts, the book investigates how environmental values could be reconceived in a globalizing world.Part I explores contemporary environmental values and their implications for a globalizing world.Part II examines the development of Western and Eastern environmental valuesPart III discusses contemporary environmental politicsPart IV examines how values inform environmental governance and how governance solutions influence which values are realisedPart V concludes the volume with two different views of the prospects of environmental values in a globalising world.This study will be of great interest to students and researchers studying the environment in philosophy, political science, international relations, international environment law, environmental studies and development studies.

This wide-ranging volume explores the impact of globalization upon citizenship, with a special focus on the transnational challenges that globalization poses. While there is much debate over the concept, globalization implies at least two distinct phenomena. First, it suggests that political, economic and social activities are becoming increasingly inter-regional or intercontinental in scope. Secondly, it suggests that there has been an intensification of levels of interaction and interconnectedness between states and societies. Citizenship, as one of the foundational concepts of the modern liberal democratic states, provides the normative framework within which globalization debates may be understood and evaluated. It also examines how different concepts, theories and practices of citizenship are evolving in response to globalization. Central questions explored in this text are:• How does globalization challenge traditional conceptions of citizenship in specific respects?• How is globalization creating new citizenships or new civil society spaces?• How is transnational citizenship developing and what problems are associated with it in specific areas?Discussing the theoretical and practical prospects for new forms of liberal, republican and cosmopolitan citizenship, Globalisation and Citizenship will appeal to students and scholars in the fields of international relations, globalization, sociology and political science.

Globalisation and the Rule of Law reassesses the idea of the 'rule of law' within the present complex and increasingly internationalised environment. There have been many books studying the phenomenon of globalisation and its economic, social or cultural consequences. This book, however, is the first to relate globalisation exclusively to law. It examines the impact of globalisation upon the rule of law, a fundamental value within liberal democratic sovereign states. The book opens with three chapters discussing the theory of the rule of law and its necessary reconceptualisation in a global environment. Then, in three sections considering global trade, security and human rights, it proposes new ways of thinking about global law and its application in new and existing institutions of global governance. Contributors include top-flight academics, politicians and judges, making this book significant and relevant in both jurisprudential theory and political practice.

Is globalisation creating a more unequal world? Is it creating new forms of inequality? Does it make certain pre-existing forms of inequality more morally or politically significant than they would otherwise have been?Globalisation and Equality examines these and related questions, exploring the way increasing globalisation is challenging our conceptions of equality. The contributors explore these themes from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Some adopt a more abstract approach, exploring foundational questions concerning the meaning of equality, its social and political dimensions, and more specifically its moral implications in a global context. Others engage the general themes of globalisation and equality by focusing on specific topics, such as welfare, citizenship, gender, culture, and the environment.Original in the questions it poses, and interdisciplinary in its approach, this collection of essays will appeal to all those with an interest in globalisation and equality.

This multidisciplinary volume presents a refreshing new approach to environmental values in the global age. it investigates the challenges that globalization poses to traditional environmental values in general as well as in politics and international governance.Divided into five parts, the book investigates how environmental values could be reconceived in a globalizing world.Part I explores contemporary environmental values and their implications for a globalizing world.Part II examines the development of Western and Eastern environmental valuesPart III discusses contemporary environmental politicsPart IV examines how values inform environmental governance and how governance solutions influence which values are realisedPart V concludes the volume with two different views of the prospects of environmental values in a globalising world.This study will be of great interest to students and researchers studying the environment in philosophy, political science, international relations, international environment law, environmental studies and development studies.

This wide-ranging volume explores the impact of globalization upon citizenship, with a special focus on the transnational challenges that globalization poses. While there is much debate over the concept, globalization implies at least two distinct phenomena. First, it suggests that political, economic and social activities are becoming increasingly inter-regional or intercontinental in scope. Secondly, it suggests that there has been an intensification of levels of interaction and interconnectedness between states and societies. Citizenship, as one of the foundational concepts of the modern liberal democratic states, provides the normative framework within which globalization debates may be understood and evaluated. It also examines how different concepts, theories and practices of citizenship are evolving in response to globalization. Central questions explored in this text are:• How does globalization challenge traditional conceptions of citizenship in specific respects?• How is globalization creating new citizenships or new civil society spaces?• How is transnational citizenship developing and what problems are associated with it in specific areas?Discussing the theoretical and practical prospects for new forms of liberal, republican and cosmopolitan citizenship, Globalisation and Citizenship will appeal to students and scholars in the fields of international relations, globalization, sociology and political science.

The financial crisis of 2008-2009 and the "Great Recession" that it precipitated highlight a number of important questions about the governance of contemporary capitalism. How do shortcomings in existing market governance institutions help to account for trends of rising economic inequality and financial instability? What new forms of market governance would better embody norms of stability, equality and justice? And how do present political conditions both constrain and enable possibilities for reform? This volume brings together an array of leading thinkers to consider these pressing questions about market governance and its potential reform. Contributors combine in-depth empirical analysis with innovative explorations of alternative arrangements to consider challenges of market governance in advanced and developing countries, as well as global and regional organizations. New Visions for Market Governance will be of interest to students and scholars in a wide range of areas including international and comparative political economy, public and social policy, and normative social theory.

The political project of extending democracy to the global level is seen as the next major challenge for proponents of democracy. This volume considers some of the difficulties which need to be overcome for this extension to take place. The issues discussed include: Philosophical and theoretical questions about the nature of democracy and the justification of its valuesPressing political considerations, such as the crucial role of elections in democracy promotionLegal developments, such as the role of international law and judicial networksThe nature of the global political space as democratization brings challenges to the ways in which systems have traditionally been organizedGlobal Democracy and its Difficulties will appeal to a range of academics, scholars and students who work across fields such a political theory, international law, comparative politics and political economy. It will be of particular interest to those with an interest in the political, economic, legal and moral aspects of democratization.

This book explores the impacts of global economic, political and cultural shifts on various international legal frameworks and legal norms.The economic growth of states throughout Asia, South and Central America and Africa is having a profound effect on the dynamics of international relations, with a resulting impact on the operation and development of international law. This book examines the influence of emerging economies on international legal rules, institutions and processes. It describes recent and predicted changes in economic, political and cultural powers, flowing from the growth of emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil, South Africa and Russia, and analyses the influence of these changes on various legal frameworks and norms. Expert contributors drawn from a variety of fields, including international law, politics, environmental law, human rights, economics and finance, provide a broad analysis of the nature of the shifting global dynamic in its historical and contemporary contexts, and a range of perspectives on the impact of these changes as they relate to specific regimes and issues, including climate change regulation, collective security, indigenous rights, the rights of women and girls, environmental protection and foreign aid and development. The book provides a fresh and comprehensive analysis of an issue with extensive implications for international law and politics.Shifting Global Powers and International Law will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations; international law; international political economy, human rights; and development.

The rule of law is widely seen as the cornerstone of any effective polity and increasingly a vital component of the international political system. If the international rule of law were to be strengthened, it would greatly contribute to trade, security, human rights and global cooperation in a range of fields. Yet, in many areas the rule of law seems almost absent in international affairs.This book explores the institutions that support the effectiveness of the rule of law domestically. It focuses on the extent to which similar institutions already exist at international level and analyses the possibility of their further development. The authors speculate on how the international rule of law might be advanced in the future, thereby suggesting potential strategies for strengthening the international rule of law. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and combining the fields of international relations, politics and law, this book covers a range institutions including: UN Security Council International Court of Justice Human rights machinery Regional human rights International Criminal Court World Trade Organization International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.It will be of strong interest to students and scholars of international relations, international organisations, global governance, international law, migration law, international peace and security law, applied ethics, political economy, political science and sociology.

This book systematically explores the emerging legal discipline of Earth System Law (ESL), challenging the closed system of law and marking a new era in law and society scholarship.Law has historically provided stability, certainty, and predictability in the ordering of social relations (predominantly between humans). However, in recent decades the Earth’s relationship in law has changed with increasing recognition of the standing of Mother Earth, inherent rights of the environment (such as flora and fauna, rivers), and now recognition of the multiple relations of the Anthropocene. This book questions the fundamental assumption that ‘the law’ only applies to humans, and that the earth, as a system, has intrinsic rights and responsibilities. In the last ten years the planet has experienced its hottest period since human evolution, and by the year 2100, unless substantive action is taken, many species will be lost, and planetary conditions will be intolerable for human civilisation as it currently exists. Relationships between humans, the biosphere, and all planetary systems must change. The authors address these challenging topics, setting the groundwork of ESL to ensure sustainable development of the coupled socio-ecological system that the Earth has become.Earth System Law is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research project, and, as such, this book will be of great interest to researchers and stakeholders from a wide range of disciplines, including political science, anthropology, economics, law, ethics, sociology, and psychology.

This book systematically explores the emerging legal discipline of Earth System Law (ESL), challenging the closed system of law and marking a new era in law and society scholarship.Law has historically provided stability, certainty, and predictability in the ordering of social relations (predominantly between humans). However, in recent decades the Earth’s relationship in law has changed with increasing recognition of the standing of Mother Earth, inherent rights of the environment (such as flora and fauna, rivers), and now recognition of the multiple relations of the Anthropocene. This book questions the fundamental assumption that ‘the law’ only applies to humans, and that the earth, as a system, has intrinsic rights and responsibilities. In the last ten years the planet has experienced its hottest period since human evolution, and by the year 2100, unless substantive action is taken, many species will be lost, and planetary conditions will be intolerable for human civilisation as it currently exists. Relationships between humans, the biosphere, and all planetary systems must change. The authors address these challenging topics, setting the groundwork of ESL to ensure sustainable development of the coupled socio-ecological system that the Earth has become.Earth System Law is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research project, and, as such, this book will be of great interest to researchers and stakeholders from a wide range of disciplines, including political science, anthropology, economics, law, ethics, sociology, and psychology.

Ethics and Social Licence in the Blue Economy squarely confronts the vexing and urgent ethical challenges related to the economic and development potential of the seas. A work of applied moral philosophy, incorporating interdisciplinary elements in law, governance and social science, it provides a multifaceted philosophical interrogation of social licence, explaining its complex relationship to concepts like legitimacy, social contract and legal licence. From this basis, it interrogates the ethics of the Blue Economy, exploring the key moral principles at stake and how they play out in the unique context of marine industries, ocean ecologies and coastal communities.This book delves deeply into how the world’s oceans are increasingly seen as an untapped resource, with great promises of commercial development delivering profound goods to humanity. Yet this economic growth raises serious ethical questions. It partitions off resources that are currently open for all, threatens precious ecosystems and impacts wildlife. The aspirational idea of the ‘Blue Economy’ aims to capture the ocean’s economic development potential but also the need for that development to be done sustainably, equitably and legitimately. This need for legitimacy highlights the growing ethical importance of community acceptance and the ‘social licence to operate’. Yet social licence is itself an emerging and contested concept, giving rise to its own vexing ethical concerns. This book also offers a deep dive into the many challenges posed and promises offered by expanding marine development.This book will be of great interest to scholars from a range of governance disciplines (ethics and philosophy, law, policy, governance studies and social sciences) as well as those researching in the marine management, governance and policy space.

Ethics and Social Licence in the Blue Economy squarely confronts the vexing and urgent ethical challenges related to the economic and development potential of the seas. A work of applied moral philosophy, incorporating interdisciplinary elements in law, governance and social science, it provides a multifaceted philosophical interrogation of social licence, explaining its complex relationship to concepts like legitimacy, social contract and legal licence. From this basis, it interrogates the ethics of the Blue Economy, exploring the key moral principles at stake and how they play out in the unique context of marine industries, ocean ecologies and coastal communities.This book delves deeply into how the world’s oceans are increasingly seen as an untapped resource, with great promises of commercial development delivering profound goods to humanity. Yet this economic growth raises serious ethical questions. It partitions off resources that are currently open for all, threatens precious ecosystems and impacts wildlife. The aspirational idea of the ‘Blue Economy’ aims to capture the ocean’s economic development potential but also the need for that development to be done sustainably, equitably and legitimately. This need for legitimacy highlights the growing ethical importance of community acceptance and the ‘social licence to operate’. Yet social licence is itself an emerging and contested concept, giving rise to its own vexing ethical concerns. This book also offers a deep dive into the many challenges posed and promises offered by expanding marine development.This book will be of great interest to scholars from a range of governance disciplines (ethics and philosophy, law, policy, governance studies and social sciences) as well as those researching in the marine management, governance and policy space.

Ethics and Social Licence in the Blue Economy squarely confronts the vexing and urgent ethical challenges related to the economic and development potential of the seas. A work of applied moral philosophy, incorporating interdisciplinary elements in law, governance and social science, it provides a multifaceted philosophical interrogation of social licence, explaining its complex relationship to concepts like legitimacy, social contract and legal licence. From this basis, it interrogates the ethics of the Blue Economy, exploring the key moral principles at stake and how they play out in the unique context of marine industries, ocean ecologies and coastal communities.This book delves deeply into how the world’s oceans are increasingly seen as an untapped resource, with great promises of commercial development delivering profound goods to humanity. Yet this economic growth raises serious ethical questions. It partitions off resources that are currently open for all, threatens precious ecosystems and impacts wildlife. The aspirational idea of the ‘Blue Economy’ aims to capture the ocean’s economic development potential but also the need for that development to be done sustainably, equitably and legitimately. This need for legitimacy highlights the growing ethical importance of community acceptance and the ‘social licence to operate’. Yet social licence is itself an emerging and contested concept, giving rise to its own vexing ethical concerns. This book also offers a deep dive into the many challenges posed and promises offered by expanding marine development.This book will be of great interest to scholars from a range of governance disciplines (ethics and philosophy, law, policy, governance studies and social sciences) as well as those researching in the marine management, governance and policy space.

The financial crisis of 2008-2009 and the "Great Recession" that it precipitated highlight a number of important questions about the governance of contemporary capitalism. How do shortcomings in existing market governance institutions help to account for trends of rising economic inequality and financial instability? What new forms of market governance would better embody norms of stability, equality and justice? And how do present political conditions both constrain and enable possibilities for reform? This volume brings together an array of leading thinkers to consider these pressing questions about market governance and its potential reform. Contributors combine in-depth empirical analysis with innovative explorations of alternative arrangements to consider challenges of market governance in advanced and developing countries, as well as global and regional organizations. New Visions for Market Governance will be of interest to students and scholars in a wide range of areas including international and comparative political economy, public and social policy, and normative social theory.

The rule of law is widely seen as the cornerstone of any effective polity and increasingly a vital component of the international political system. If the international rule of law were to be strengthened, it would greatly contribute to trade, security, human rights and global cooperation in a range of fields. Yet, in many areas the rule of law seems almost absent in international affairs.This book explores the institutions that support the effectiveness of the rule of law domestically. It focuses on the extent to which similar institutions already exist at international level and analyses the possibility of their further development. The authors speculate on how the international rule of law might be advanced in the future, thereby suggesting potential strategies for strengthening the international rule of law. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and combining the fields of international relations, politics and law, this book covers a range institutions including: UN Security Council International Court of Justice Human rights machinery Regional human rights International Criminal Court World Trade Organization International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.It will be of strong interest to students and scholars of international relations, international organisations, global governance, international law, migration law, international peace and security law, applied ethics, political economy, political science and sociology.

There is much debate about the scope of international law, its compatibility with individual state practice, its enforceability and the recent and limited degree to which it is institutionalized. This collection of essays seeks to address the issue of access to justice, the related element of domestic rule of law which does not yet figure significantly in debates about international rule of law. Even in cases in which laws are passed, institutions are present and key players are ethically committed to the rule of law, those whom the laws are intended to protect may be unable to secure protection. This is an issue in most domestic jurisdictions but also one which poses severe problems for international justice worldwide. The book will be of interest to academics and practitioners of international law, environmental law, transitional justice, international development, human rights, ethics, international relations and political theory.

Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entrepreneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and processes of successful normative change.This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change - norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm antipreneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue areas and contributed by a mix of well-known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance, particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in norm-contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threatened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs who enjoy greater inherent advantages.This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History.

The UN Security Council formally acknowledged an obligation to promote justice and the rule of law in 2003. This volume examines the extent to which the Council has honoured this commitment when exercising its powers under the UN Charter to maintain international peace and security. It discusses both how the concept of the rule of law regulates, or influences, Security Council activity and how the Council has in turn shaped the notion of the rule of law. It explores in particular how this relationship has affected the Security Council’s three most prominent tools for the maintenance of international peace and security: peacekeeping, sanctions and force. In doing so, this volume identifies strategies for better promotion of the rule of law by the Security Council. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of international law, international relations, international development and peacekeeping.

Once a highly cosmopolitan profession, law was largely domesticated by the demands of the Westphalian state. But as the walls between sovereign states are lowered, law is globalizing in a way that is likely to change law, lawyering and legal education as much over the next 30 years – when the students entering law schools today reach the peak of their profession – as it has over the last 300.This book provides a sustained investigation of the theoretical and practical aspects of legal practice and education, synthesizing and developing nearly thirty years of Professor Sampford’s critical thought, analysis and academic leadership. The book features two major areas of investigation. First, it explains the significance of the ‘critical’, ‘theoretical’ and ‘ethical’ dimensions of legal education and legal practice in making more effective practitioners – placing ethics and values at the heart of the profession. Second, it explores the old/new challenges and opportunities for ethical lawyers. Challenges include those for lawyers working in large organisations dealing with issues from international tax minimisation to advising governments bent on war. Opportunities range from the capacity to give client’s ethical advice to playing a key role in the emergence of an international rule of law as they had to the ‘domestic’ rule of law. The book should stimulate great interest and occasional passion for legal practitioners, students, teachers and researchers of law, lawyering, legal practice and legal institutions. Its inter-disciplinary approaches should be of interest to those with interests in education theory, international relations, political science and government, professional ethics, sociology, public policy and governance studies.

There is much debate about the scope of international law, its compatibility with individual state practice, its enforceability and the recent and limited degree to which it is institutionalized. This collection of essays seeks to address the issue of access to justice, the related element of domestic rule of law which does not yet figure significantly in debates about international rule of law. Even in cases in which laws are passed, institutions are present and key players are ethically committed to the rule of law, those whom the laws are intended to protect may be unable to secure protection. This is an issue in most domestic jurisdictions but also one which poses severe problems for international justice worldwide. The book will be of interest to academics and practitioners of international law, environmental law, transitional justice, international development, human rights, ethics, international relations and political theory.

Once a highly cosmopolitan profession, law was largely domesticated by the demands of the Westphalian state. But as the walls between sovereign states are lowered, law is globalizing in a way that is likely to change law, lawyering and legal education as much over the next 30 years – when the students entering law schools today reach the peak of their profession – as it has over the last 300.This book provides a sustained investigation of the theoretical and practical aspects of legal practice and education, synthesizing and developing nearly thirty years of Professor Sampford’s critical thought, analysis and academic leadership. The book features two major areas of investigation. First, it explains the significance of the ‘critical’, ‘theoretical’ and ‘ethical’ dimensions of legal education and legal practice in making more effective practitioners – placing ethics and values at the heart of the profession. Second, it explores the old/new challenges and opportunities for ethical lawyers. Challenges include those for lawyers working in large organisations dealing with issues from international tax minimisation to advising governments bent on war. Opportunities range from the capacity to give client’s ethical advice to playing a key role in the emergence of an international rule of law as they had to the ‘domestic’ rule of law. The book should stimulate great interest and occasional passion for legal practitioners, students, teachers and researchers of law, lawyering, legal practice and legal institutions. Its inter-disciplinary approaches should be of interest to those with interests in education theory, international relations, political science and government, professional ethics, sociology, public policy and governance studies.

The political project of extending democracy to the global level is seen as the next major challenge for proponents of democracy. This volume considers some of the difficulties which need to be overcome for this extension to take place. The issues discussed include: Philosophical and theoretical questions about the nature of democracy and the justification of its valuesPressing political considerations, such as the crucial role of elections in democracy promotionLegal developments, such as the role of international law and judicial networksThe nature of the global political space as democratization brings challenges to the ways in which systems have traditionally been organizedGlobal Democracy and its Difficulties will appeal to a range of academics, scholars and students who work across fields such a political theory, international law, comparative politics and political economy. It will be of particular interest to those with an interest in the political, economic, legal and moral aspects of democratization.

Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entrepreneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and processes of successful normative change.This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change - norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm antipreneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue areas and contributed by a mix of well-known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance, particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in norm-contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threatened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs who enjoy greater inherent advantages.This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History.