Oxford Chemistry Primers – serie

This primer provides an introduction to the subject of surfaces at the level of undergraduates and first year postgraduates. There are three chapters, the first concerns basic thermodynamic material used to understand the properties of surfaces including; surface tension, Gibbs adsorption, surface pressure and surface phase equilibria, surfactants and micelles, wetting, detergency, and contact angle. The second chapter concentrates on gas adsorbtion at solid surfaces and covers topics including adsorbtion, Langmuir isotherms, heats of adsorbtion, BET isotherms, physisorbtion, chemisorbtion, precursor adsorbtion kinetics, well-defined surfaces, UHV, surface sensitivity and selectivity, surface diffusion and electrons interacting with matter. The final chapter contains a series of worked examples and problems, bringing together the various strands developed in Chapters 1-3 in order to elucidate surface phenomena. The book is unique in its mix of 'Classical' and 'Modern' surface science and should be relevant to physicists, chemists and material scientists.

The renowned Oxford Chemistry Primers series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today's students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry.The learning features provided, including questions at the end of every chapter and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student's understanding of these essential areas of chemistry.Prebiotic Chemistry is the only text to provide an accessible and engaging introduction to prebiotic chemistry with a chemical focus. Using a range of examples to convey basic concepts in prebiotic chemistry, key geochemical and planetary concepts, and chemical phenomena that have been classified in the last 150 years, expert authors help to bring this cutting-edge topic to life.The primer is supported by online resources and is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats.The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation features and links that offer extra learning support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks

Today's top selling drugs have been uncovered from two major sources: natural products and laboratory synthesis. Those synthesised directly by medicinal chemists usually have been the result of a protracted discovery programme using a natural product (e.g. a hormone or an enzyme substrate) or a screening lead as a starting point. Many of the major categories of human disease cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, inflammatory and infectious diseases are included. After a short introduction to the discovery and mechanism of action of each drug, the syntheses of the best selling drugs are reviewed. Where the information exists in the literature, the original research method to each drug is compared with more recent approaches which aim either at improving the route or at validating newer methodologies or reagents in the context of drug synthesis. Since, for many drugs, the marketed product was originally prepared as a racemic mixture, perhaps the most important comparison is between that route and alternatives which involve some element of asymmetric synthesis.

This book addresses the chemistry of the second and third row d-block metals, assuming a knowledge of the chemistry of the first row metals. Chapter 1 looks at the metals and summarizes occurrence, physical properties and uses. Chapter 2 considers periodic trends in properties. Chapter 3 considers aqueous solution chemistry, species present (with comparisons of the first row metal ions) and redox properties. Chapter 4 surveys structure: the range of coordination numbers shown by second and third row metals is often a topic for discussion in University courses. Chapter 5 looks at electronic spectra and magnetic properties, making comparisons with the first row the main objective of the chapter. Detailed mathematical treatments are not given. Chapter 6 considers metal-metal bonding, and the classes of compound that contain triple and quadruple bonds; the role of bridging ligands is introduced. Chapter 7 looks at selected clusters with a pi donar ligands (e.g. metal halo species) in which metal-metal bonding is important. Chapter 8 introduces the area of polyoxometallates, closing with a short discussion of the wide range of applications. The book contains many references to encourage wider reading by the student; in addition to textbooks of relevance, the author has included many recent literature citations, and a section called "Metals in Action" which gives citations which show the heavier metals at work in, for example, catalytic converters and molecular wires.

Alicyclic chemistry is the study of non- aromatic organic compounds made up of one or more carbocyclic rings. Such compounds which range from simple ring systems to complex bridged and polycyclic structures provide a framework for the understanding of many concepts which underlie organic chemistry. It is the intention of this book to provide an overview of the behaviour of alicyclic compounds in the depth required for an undergraduate chemistry course. The topics covered include a discussion of the stability and conformational behaviour of carbocyclic ring systems, and the factors which control the choice of synthetic methods to, and reactivity of such compounds. Many aspects of alicyclic chemistry provide an important framework for a proper understanding of the behaviour of organic molecules in general and are key components of any first degree-level chemistry course. The present text aims to provide an up-to-date discussion of this important area of organic chemistry (which also has implications in biological and medicinal chemistry) with particular emphasis on the understanding of molecular shape (using modern computer graphics) and its role in controlling molecular behaviour.

The reactivity and structural properties of first row transition metals and their compounds depend on the electronic configuration of the d electrons of the metal. The book, which is intended for students who have had at least one year of inorganic chemistry, describes the most significant structures, reactions, and other important properties of co-ordination, organometallic and solid state compounds and also sketches the role of first row transition metals in biology. This is a largely factual text designed to build on or to link chemistry described in earlier Primers and the emphasis is on facts, but with explanations based on simple theory.

The chemist's approach to the understanding of matter and its chemical transformations is to take a microscopic view, connecting experimental observation with the properties of the constituent molecules. Atoms and sub-atomic particles do not obey the classical laws of mechanics but conform rather to the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is thus of central importance in chemistry. In order to understand the behaviour of molecules and their constituent particles it is necessary to have a thorough grounding in the principles and applications of quantum mechanics. Quantum Mechanics 2: The Toolkit provides a toolkit for applying quantum mechanics to chemical problems, introducing more advanced approaches using approximate methods. It describes areas of chemistry where quantum mechanics is important, and shows how quantum mechanics can be applied to chemical problems.

Solvents other than water are used in chemical analysis, chemical manufacturing, and in specialist syntheses. This book covers the principles and uses of non-aqueous solvents at a level suitable for first or second-year undergraduates. The book first discusses the general properties of solvents, and introduces the necessary concepts for making rational choices of solvents for different applications. There is a discussion of the various chemical interactions between solvents and the substances dissolved in them, and how solvents change the course of reactions. The chemistry of 16 common solvents is discussed, emphasising the advantages and disadvantages of each. The book concludes with an account of the chemistry of molten salts and discusses the use of low melting temperature compounds as synthetic media. The book expands on the brief treatment of non-aqueous solvents given in many textbooks, but avoids the complexities introduced in research treatises. There is no such book currently available to help students.

Protecting Group Chemistry provides an overview of the general methods that are used to block the reactivity of - i.e. protect - specific functional grops thus allowing others, present within the same molecule, to be manipulated unambiguously. An introductory chapter outlines protecting group strategy, relevant aspects of functional group reactivity, temporary protection, and introduces the concept of protecting group devices as an aid to unifying the wide range of available methods. The rest of the book is divided on the basis of broad classes of the experimental conditions that lead to cleavage of each protecting group (acid/electrophile, base/nucleophile, oxidising or reducing agent). The treatment differs from traditional texts in that it places the emphasis on making a connection between the fundamental mechanisms of organic chemsitry - ionisation, substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation and reduction, etc. - and how a particular protecting group can best be selected in a given situation.

Equilibrium inorganic chemistry underlies the composition and properties of the aquatic environment and provides a sound basis for understanding both natural geochemical processes and the behaviour of inorganic pollutants in the environment. Designed for readers having basic chemical and mathematical knowledge, this book includes material and examples suitable for undergraduate students in the early stages of chemistry, environmental science, geology, irrigation science and oceanography courses. Aquatic Environmental Chemistry covers the composition and underlying properties of both freshwater and marine systems and, within this framework, explains the effects of acidity, complexation, oxidation and reduction processes, and sedimentation. The format adopted for the book consists of two parallel columns. The inner column is the main body of the book and can be read on its own. The outer column is a source of useful secondary material where comments on the main text, explanations of unusual terms and guidance through mathematical steps are to be found. A wide range of examples to explain the behaviour of inorganic species in freshwater and marine systems are used throughout, making this clear and progressive text an invaluable introduction to equilibrium chemistry in solution.

Foundations of Physics for Chemists presents the fundamental physics required for a full understanding of a diverse range of chemical phenomena and techniques such as diffraction, reaction rates and nuclear magnetic resonance. The text begins with a discussion of classical and wave mechanics which allows quantum mechanics to be introduced at an early stage. The ideas presented in these early chapters are subsequently developed to deal with the traditional physics topics of kinetic theory, electrostatics, magnetism and optics. However, the text maintains a distinct chemical perspecive by focusing on relevant chemical examples rather than the more hypothetical examples favoured by the majority of introductory physics texts. The students will find the information presented directly applicable to the concepts and examples that they will encounter throughout an undergraduate course in chemistry.

It has been recognised for many years that power ultrasound has great potential for uses in a wide variety of processes in the chemical and allied industries. Reported applications include cleaning, sterilisation, flotation, drying, degassing, defoaming, soldering, plastic welding, drilling, filtration, homogenisation, emulsification, dissolution, deaggregation of powder, biological cell disruption, extraction, crystallisation and, more recently, as a stimulus for chemical reactions. With the increasing use of power ultrasound in chemistry comes the need for specialist text books covering this emerging discipline. This book is suitable for chemists and chemical engineers at all levels who wish to gain a rapid insight into what is becoming a standard method in the chemical laboratory. It is designed to answer the following questions: What is sonochemistry? Why is it important? What systems are affected by sonochemistry? What are the major applications of this technique? What types of ultrasonic equipment are available? How do the different types of equipment compare? How is the equipment best configured for chemical applications? What parameters can be changed to optimise sonochemical results? What equipment is available for the scale-up of sonochemistry?

The Fine Chemicals industry is concerned with the manufacture of relatively small volume products by multistage manufacturing processes. Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, colouring materials and biocidal compounds are typical examples. Understanding the fundamental science behind these chemical processes is of great benefit in the development of efficient, high-yielding and environmentally friendly processes. However, there are no other texts which specifically address this topic by covering the physiochemical principles underpinning the subject. This primer outlines the strategy for obtaining the requisite data, and then goes on to outline the chemical and chemical engineering concepts involved in process development. These include a description of pre-reaction equilibria in single and two-phase systems, factors influencing selectivity in competing reactions, mixing effects in single and two-phase reactions, the science behind workup processes, and a discussion of the principles behind scale-up.

Polymers are the archetypal modern materials, used in every aspect of everyday life. This Primer gives a thorough introduction to Polymer Chemistry, ranging from a historical perspective, through the development of high-tonnage materials earlier in the twentieth century, to modern high-performance materials that have a range of useful additional properties. The authors have long experience in the teaching of polymer science to undergraduates, and also experience in the polymer industry. A feature of this Primer is a discussion of practical industrial aspects in the technology of these materials.

Mathematics plays a key part in every quantitative and theoretical study, and is taught to all science and engineering students to varying degrees at college. Together with its companion volume, Foundations of Science Mathematics(Oxford Chemistry Primer 77), this book bridges the gap between high school and university-level maths. This book provides solutions to most of the problems set in the companion volume. It aims to bolster the reader's practical confidence by providing model answers, and additional comments, for a broad range of exercises. The informal tutorial style adopted in the principal text has been maintained, which will make it accessible to the novice; also, its very concise nature makes it a useful reference for the experienced professional.

Computers have become an integral part of chemistry. Virtually all modern scientific instrumentation contains some form of computer and, indeed, the operation of many instruments has become so complex that it is impossible without some degree of computer control. It is vital for the modern student of chemistry to have at least a basic knowledge of computers, and the deeper that knowledge is, the better use will be made of the techniques available. Computers in Chemistry provides an excellent overview of computers and their use in chemistry, giving the student an insight into both the workings of a computer and the ways in which computer facilities can be effectively applied in the study of chemistry today.

The transition between school and university presents new challenges and ideas for the student of chemistry. This Primer, written jointly by two undergraduates and a university professor is ideally suited to the needs of students at the school/university interface by taking material familiar from school and linking it witha selection of ideas that will be encountered in the freshman year. As well as stimulating preuniversity students it will provide a sound basis for university courses in chemistry and related subjects. The early chapters cover the structure of atomes, ions and molecules, reactivity, kinetics, and equilibria. The final chapter gives an insight into more advanced areas, drawing on real world examples.

The lanthanides and actinides (the f elements) are rarely studied in detail by chemistry undergraduates. More often they appear as an afterthought in bonding, spectroscopy, magnetism, coordination chemistry, and organometallics courses. This is largely because of a lack of an accessible text treating the chemistry of these elements in one cover. Moreover, the placement of lanthanides and actinides in the closing pages of standard inorganic chemistry text books serves to marginalise these elements further. The f elements has therefore been written to fill a gap in the undergraduate chemistry textbook market. It covers much of the fundamental chemistry of the lanthanide and actinide elements, including coordination chemistry, solid state compounds, organometallic chemistry, electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism. Many comparisons are made between the chemistry of the lanthanides and actinides and that of the transition elements, which is generally much more familiar to undergraduate chemistry students. The book uses the chemistry of the f elements as a vehicle for the communication of several important chemical concepts that are not usually discussed in detail in undergraduate courses, for example the chemical consequences of relativity and the lanthanide and actinide contractions. Many important modern applications of f element chemistry, e.g. the use of actinides in nuclear power generation and of the lanthanides in magnetic resonance imaging and catalytic converters in motor vehicle exhausts, are also discussed in depth.

Crystallization is one of the oldest separation processes used in the chemical industry and is still one of the most important. It is also going through an exciting renaissance with the result that it is becoming yet more central to the needs of the modern chemical industry. As well as its long-standing use in the commodity chemicals business, it is central to the fine and speciality areas. The emphasis in crystallization has thus been changing from the simple production of bulk solid particles to one in which ever higher standards and reproducibility of particle size, size distribution, crystal form and particle morphology are demanded in both product and process development.

This book provides problems, with answers and tutorial guidance, on the organic chemistry encountered by students in their last year of A-level and at the beginning of undergraduate courses in Chemistry and Biochemistry. The layout of the book runs parallel with that of the successful Foundations of Organic Chemistry by the same authors. The first three chapters cover basic physical organic chemistry, setting the scene for the mechanistic organic chemistry covered later. The problems are accompanied by useful hints, and the answers with tutorial comments which reinforce the chemical principles involved.

This book will give students a thorough grounding in pH and associated equilibria, material absolutely fundamental to the understanding of many aspects of chemistry. It is, in addition, a fresh and modern approach to a topic all too often taught in an out-moded way. This book uses new theoretical developments which have led to more generalized approaches to equilibrium problems; these approaches are often simpler than the approximations which they replace. Acid-base problems are readily addressed in terms of the proton condition, a convenient amalgam of the mass and charge constraints of the chemical system considered. The graphical approach of Bjerrum, Hägg, and Sillén is used to illustrate the orders of magnitude of the concentrations of the various species involved in chemical equilibria. Based on these concentrations, the proton condition can usually be simplified, often leading directly to the value of the pH. In the description of acid-base titrations a general master equation is developed. It provides a continuous and complete description of the entire titration curve, which can then be used for computer-based comparison with experimental data. Graphical estimates of the steepness of titration curves are also developed, from which the practicality of a given titration can be anticipated. Activity effects are described in detail, including their effect on titration curves. The discussion emphasizes the distinction between equilibrium constants and electrometric pH measurements, which are subject to activity corrections, and balance equations and spectroscopic pH measurements, which are not. Finally, an entire chapter is devoted to what the pH meter measures, and to the experimental and theoretical uncertainties involved.

This informative text introduces the techniques and areas of application of modern electroanalysis, which has a particularly important role with current environmental concerns, both in the laboratory and in the field. It is a unique self- contained text which starts by describing the basic principles of the necessary electrochemistry and then moves on to electrochemical sensors and their mode of functioning. Potentiometric sensors are described, including many types of selective electrode. Following this, amperometric and voltametric sensors are presented together with the various instrumentation and electrode modification strategies to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. A final chapter shows the range of applications of modern electroanalysis, with particular emphasis on trace species, and indicates future trends. Bibliography is provided to enable the reader to gain a further understanding of the topic through textbooks and specialist research journals. This clear and accessible text will be an invaluable study aid for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of chemistry, biochemistry, chemical technology, industrial chemistry and environmental science. Graduate chemists and biochemists in industry and in analytical laboratories, and students of engineering, pharmacology and related biomedical sciences will also find this book useful.

Heterocyclic compounds are of prime importance to organic chemists working in the chemical industry, and heterocyclic chemistry is therefore a fundamental topic in undergraduate chemistry courses. The emphasis of this short text is on synthetic aspects rather than properties, and it covers the essential details and basic principles with reference to all the important classes of heterocyclic compounds. Instructional problems are included as an aid to comprehension, and references to more detailed texts are provided.

Compounds of boron and silicon are widely used in organic synthesis, and their study forms a core part of undergraduate chemistry courses. This concise text describes the properties and reactions of organoboranes and organosilanes, emphasizing how they can be used to provide simple solutions to a variety of synthetic problems. Helpful study questions are provided at the end of each section, and the suggested further reading provides a useful guide to more advanced work in the field.

The manipulation of functional groups by oxidative or reductive processes is central to organic chemistry. Despite the importance of these reactions, no existing text has attempted to summarize them simply for students. Together with a later volume in the series, this book provides a clear and comprehensive summary of oxidative and reductive processes, emphasizing general principles and common factors, and showing the applications of these reactions in organic synthesis.

This straightforward introduction looks at the properties and reactions of main group organometallic compounds, placing particular emphasis on their applications in synthesis. Written in a simple, readable style, the book adopts a logical approach to this important area of organic chemistry, and provides the student with a clear account of all aspects of the field. Study problems are included at chapter ends, along with suggestions for further reading on the topic.

The general principles of polar rearrangements are brought together in this text, which deals with all the major rearrangements involving electron-deficient atoms or charged intermediates. Reactions involving migration to electron-deficient carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur, and sigmatropic rearrangements involving polar species, are thus treated in a coherent and consistent manner. Clear discussions of the reaction mechanisms are followed by examples of synthetic applications, providing a concise yet comprehensive account of the nature and importance of these processes.

Neutral reactive intermediates - radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, and arynes - have an interesting place within the history of organic chemistry. Once regarded as curiosities, then intensively studied from the mechanistic point of view by physical organic chemists, they now play a key role in synthetic chemistry. This concise text concentrates on the last aspect of reactive intermediate chemistry; the important reactions of these electron-deficient species are laid out clearly and simply, with carefully chosen examples illustrating their use in organic synthesis. Each chapter includes a few problems as well as suggestions for further reading and provides undergraduates with an invaluable summary of this important topic in organic chemistry.

All the basic principles of this important topic are clearly presented here in an account which takes as examples many compounds of industrial and biological significance. Consideration is given to the structure, reactions, and properties of benzene and classes of aromatic compounds derived from it, and topics such as thermodynamic versus kinetic control and pericyclic reactions are introduced. The text also covers polycyclic arenes and the small and large ring systems which are embraced by the wider definition of aromaticity.