Power Electronics and Power Systems – serie

Sustainable energy services to customers - a balanced choice and coordination of energy generated by traditional and alternative sources - are the subject of this new innovative book. The myriad factors involved in modeling an effective sustainable power system are overwhelming. The “Green Islands” project represents a decade of work by over a dozen researchers who have developed a model designed to utilize the potential of distributed clean resources. The key is the proper use of Information Technology (IT). Sited on two islands in the Azores, the project developed the model of careful forecasting of demand and supply, down to the minute, coordinating the output of conventional power plants, wind energy, fly wheels, hydroelectricity, demand reduction, and even plug-in electric vehicles to take full advantage of the clean resources available. The energy contingencies of the remote islands are not unique. The issues of integrating promising clean technologies, such as wind, into a complex power grid are challenging in geographically far-flung, island-scale, power systems. Model-based sensing, communications, and decision-making algorithms to coordinate adaptive load management (ALM) could enable customers to utilize just-in-time (JIT), just-in-place (JIP), and just-in-context (JIC) energy resources. The distribution of flexible and efficient energy to customers is the goal. The model the authors have developed could change the way power portfolios are built. A new perspective for optimization of green energy is presented in this book. Additional data provided online via Springer represents a repository of real-world electric energy systems and its IT-enabled smarts.

Applied Mathematics for Restructured Electric Power Systems: Optimization, Control, and Computational Intelligence consists of chapters based on work presented at a National Science Foundation workshop organized in November 2003. The theme of the workshop was the use of applied mathematics to solve challenging power system problems. The areas included control, optimization, and computational intelligence. In addition to the introductory chapter, this book includes 12 chapters written by renowned experts in their respected fields. Each chapter follows a three-part format: (1) a description of an important power system problem or problems, (2) the current practice and/or particular research approaches, and (3) future research directions. Collectively, the technical areas discussed are voltage and oscillatory stability, power system security margins, hierarchical and decentralized control, stability monitoring, embedded optimization, neural network control with adaptive critic architecture, control tuning using genetic algorithms, and load forecasting and component prediction. This volume is intended for power systems researchers and professionals charged with solving electric and power system problems.

Robust Control in Power Systems deals with the applications of new techniques in linear system theory to control low frequency oscillations in power systems. The book specifically focuses on the analysis and damping of inter-area oscillations in the systems which are in the range of 0.2-1 Hz. The damping control action is injected through high power electronic devices known as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers. Three commonly used FACTS controllers: controllable series capacitors (CSCs) controllable phase shifters (CPSs) and static var compensators (SVCs) have been used in this book to control the inter-area oscillations. The overview of linear system theory from the perspective of power system control is explained through examples. The damping control design is formulated as norm optimization problem. The H_infinity, H2 norm of properly defined transfer functions are minimized in linear matrix inequalities (LMI) framework to obtain desired performance and stability robustness. Both centralized and decentralized control structures are used. Usually the transmission of feedback signal from a remote location encounters delays making it difficult to control the system. Smith predictor based approach has been successfully explored in this book as a solution to such a problem.Robust Control in Power Systems will be valuable to academicians in the areas of power, control and system theory, as well as professionals in the power industry.

Digital Control of Electrical Drives offers insight into electric drives and their usage in motion control environment. It provides links among electrical machine and control theory, practical hardware aspects, programming issues, and application-specific problems. The book prepares the reader to understand the key elements of motion control systems, analyze and design discrete-time speed and position controllers, set adjustable feedback parameters, and evaluate closed-loop performances. Basic engineering principles are used to derive the controller structure in an intuitive manner, so that designs are easy to comprehend, modify, and extend.Digital Control of Electrical Drives helps the reader acquire practical skills in designing discrete-time speed and position controllers. Each chapter is followed by a set of Matlab® and Simulink® tools which help readers master the phases of design, tuning, simulation, and evaluation of discrete time controllers, and foresee the effects of control solution on the overall motion control system. Readers will also understand the present performance limits of digital motion controllers.

Presenting the continuation and bifurcation-based approaches to assess power system voltage stability, this self-contained manual first provides basic definitions related to voltage stability based on IEEE/CIGRE voltage stability classification. Then the need for robust numerical techniques that are needed to address various aspects of voltage instability is articulated. It presents a tutorial introduction to the basic concepts in bifurcation theory and continuation methods. These methods lead to robust numerical techniques for voltage stability study. The book also provides details related to continuation power flow. In addition, it provides the approach to trace voltage stability boundary for changing system conditions and proposes a uniformed framework that provides computational approaches for both short-term and long-term voltage stability phenomena.

In this book, principles of the current injection are discussed first. This discussion is followed by an analysis of various magnetic current injection devices. The third harmonic current injection is discussed next, and several current injection networks are analyzed. The optimal current injection is the topic that follows, and the requirements imposed to the current injection network in order to provide the optimal current injection are derived. Several current injection networks that provide the optimal current injection are proposed, and some parasitic effects are discussed. Recovery of the power taken by the current injection networks is analyzed, and two types of passive resistance emulators are analyzed in detail, the current-loaded resistance emulator, and the voltage-loaded resistance emulator. Avoiding the inductor of the current injection network results in mutipulse operation of the current injection based rectifiers with passive resistance emulators, which is discussed next. In a separate chapter, a different current injection device based on three bi-directional semiconductor switches is presented, and previously derived results are generalized for this special type of current injection device. At last, the results are generalized to three-phase full-bridge thyristor rectifiers.Essentially, the book presents digested results of numerous research papers published in the last fifteen years in the area of current injection based rectifiers.The book may be of interest for the people involved in design of low-harmonic three-phase rectifiers, and the people involved in research in this area.

Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems presents a clear description of voltage instability and collapse phenomena. It proposes a uniform and coherent theoretical framework for analysis and covers state-of-the-art methods. The book describes practical methods that can be used for voltage security assessment and offers a variety of examples. This is a first attempt to condense the technical papers and reports on this subject into a single, coherent, and theoretically sound presentation.Transmission, generation, and load aspects of the voltage instability problem are treated in detail, and a comprehensive power system model for use in voltage stability analysis is developed and explained. Notions and concepts from nonlinear system theory are presented in a tutorial manner for the use of those new to the field. Loadability, sensitivity, and bifurcation analysis of voltage stability are introduced and treated in depth. Voltage instability mechanisms are classified and minutely examined, together with the countermeasures that can be used to avoid them. In addition, voltage security criteria and methods are reviewed, analyzed and illustrated through realistic computer results.Voltage Stability is a relatively recent and challenging problem in Power Systems Engineering. It is gaining in importance as the trend of operating power systems closer to their limits continues to increase.

Deregulation is a fairly new paradigm in the electric power industry. And just as in the case of other industries where it has been introduced, the goal of deregulation is to enhance competition and bring consumers new choices and economic benefits. The process has, obviously, necessitated reformulation of established models of power system operation and control activities. Similarly, issues such as system reliability, control, security and power quality in this new environment have come in for scrutiny and debate. In this book, we attempt to present a comprehensive overview of the deregulation process that has developed till now, focussing on the operation aspects. As of now, restructured electricity markets have been established in various degrees and forms in many countries. This book comes at a time when the deregulation process is poised to undergo further rapid advancements. It is envisaged that the reader will benefit by way of an enhanced understanding of power system operations in the conventional vertically integrated environment vis-a-vis the deregulated environment. The book is aimed at a wide range of audience- electric utility personnel involved in scheduling, dispatch, grid operations and related activities, personnel involved in energy trading businesses and electricity markets, institutions involved in energy sector financing. Power engineers, energy economists, researchers in utilities and universities should find the treatment of mathematical models as well as emphasis on recent research work helpful.

The challenges currently facing particIpants m competitive electricity markets are unique and staggering: unprecedented price volatility, a crippling lack of historical market data on which to test new modeling approaches, and a continuously changing regulatory structure. Meeting these challenges will require the knowledge and experience of both the engineering and finance communities. Yet the two communities continue to largely ignore each other. The finance community believes that engineering models are too detailed and complex to be practically applicable in the fast changing market environment. Engineers counter that the finance models are merely statistical regressions, lacking the necessary structure to capture the true dynamic properties of complex power systems. While both views have merit, neither group has by themselves been able to produce effective tools for meeting industry challenges. The goal of this book is to convey the fundamental differences between electricity and other traded commodities, and the impact these differences have on valuation, hedging and operational decisions made by market participants. The optimization problems associated with these decisions are formulated in the context of the market realities of today's power industry, including a lack of liquidity on forward and options markets, limited availability of historical data, and constantly changing regulatory structures.

The overall goal of this book is to introduce algorithms for improving the economic posture of a utility company in a restructured power system by promoting cost-effective maintenance schedules. Today, cutting operations and maintenance (O&M) costs and preserving service reliability) are among the top priorities for managers ofutility companies. Preventive maintenance is perhaps the single largest controllable cost ofa utility2 operation. It is perceived that a careful planning and a good coordination among self-interested entities in a restructured power system are essential to achieving an optimal trade-off between the cost ofmaintenance and the service reliability. Traditional maintenance programs in verticall/ integrated utilities relied heavily on time-directed maintenance and manufacturer recommendations. This book offers a logical alternative to traditional electric utility maintenance practices and a basis for maintenance decisions. The book is organized as follows. Chapter I reviews various issues related to the power system operation and presents the role of restructuring in maintenance scheduling. In Chapter II, fundamental topics related to linear and nonlinear systems are reviewed. The duality in linear programming is discussed and integer programming is reviewed. Benders decomposition, Lagrangian relaxation, and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition are presented. Several examples are given to demonstrate the applications ofdifferent methods. The formulation ofreactive power optimization is discussed which will be used again in Chapter VII.

The market liberalization is expected to affect drastically the operation of power systems, which under economical pressure and increasing amount of transactions are being operated much closer to their limits than previously. These changes put the system operators faced with rather different and much more problematic scenarios than in the past. They have now to calculate available transfer capabilities and manage congestion problems in a near on­ line environment, while operating the transmission system under extremely stressed conditions. This requires highly reliable and efficient software aids, which today are non-existent, or not yet in use. One of the most problematic issues, very much needed but not yet en­ countered today, is on-line dynamic security assessment and control, enabling the power system to withstand unexpected contingencies without experienc­ ing voltage or transient instabilities. This monograph is devoted to a unified approach to transient stability assessment and control, called SIngle Machine Equivalent (S1ME).

Automatic learning is a complex, multidisciplinary field of research and development, involving theoretical and applied methods from statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, biology and psychology. Its applications to engineering problems, such as those encountered in electrical power systems, are therefore challenging, while extremely promising. More and more data have become available, collected from the field by systematic archiving, or generated through computer-based simulation. To handle this explosion of data, automatic learning can be used to provide systematic approaches, without which the increasing data amounts and computer power would be of little use. Automatic Learning Techniques in Power Systems is dedicated to the practical application of automatic learning to power systems. Power systems to which automatic learning can be applied are screened and the complementary aspects of automatic learning, with respect to analytical methods and numerical simulation, are investigated. This book presents a representative subset of automatic learning methods - basic and more sophisticated ones - available from statistics (both classical and modern), and from artificial intelligence (both hard and soft computing). The text also discusses appropriate methodologies for combining these methods to make the best use of available data in the context of real-life problems. Automatic Learning Techniques in Power Systems is a useful reference source for professionals and researchers developing automatic learning systems in the electrical power field.

Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems presents a clear description of voltage instability and collapse phenomena. It proposes a uniform and coherent theoretical framework for analysis and covers state-of-the-art methods. The book describes practical methods that can be used for voltage security assessment and offers a variety of examples. This is a first attempt to condense the technical papers and reports on this subject into a single, coherent, and theoretically sound presentation.Transmission, generation, and load aspects of the voltage instability problem are treated in detail, and a comprehensive power system model for use in voltage stability analysis is developed and explained. Notions and concepts from nonlinear system theory are presented in a tutorial manner for the use of those new to the field. Loadability, sensitivity, and bifurcation analysis of voltage stability are introduced and treated in depth. Voltage instability mechanisms are classified and minutely examined, together with the countermeasures that can be used to avoid them. In addition, voltage security criteria and methods are reviewed, analyzed and illustrated through realistic computer results.Voltage Stability is a relatively recent and challenging problem in Power Systems Engineering. It is gaining in importance as the trend of operating power systems closer to their limits continues to increase.

The advent of low temperature superconductors in the early 1960's converted what had been a laboratory curiosity with very limited possibilities to a prac­ tical means of fabricating electrical components and devices with lossless con­ ductors. Using liquid helium as a coolant, the successful construction and operation of high field strength magnet systems, alternators, motors and trans­ mission lines was announced. These developments ushered in the era of what may be termed cryogenic power engineering and a decade later successful oper­ ating systems could be found such as the 5 T saddle magnet designed and built in the United States by the Argonne National Laboratory and installed on an experimental power generating facility at the High Temperature Institute in Moscow, Russia. The field of digital computers provided an incentive of a quite different kind to operate at cryogenic temperatures. In this case, the objective was to ob­ tain higher switching speeds than are possible at ambient temperatures with the critical issue being the operating characteristics of semiconductor switches under cryogenic conditions. By 1980, cryogenic electronics was established as another branch of electric engineering.

The writing of this book was largely motivated by the ongoing unprecedented world-wide restructuring of the power industry. This move away from the traditional monopolies and toward greater competition, in the form of increased numbers of independent power producers and an unbundling of the main services that were until now provided by the utilities, has been building up for over a decade. This change was driven by the large disparities in electricity tariffs across regions, by technological developments that make it possible for small producers to compete with large ones, and by a widely held belief that competition will be beneficial in a broad sense. All of this together with the political will to push through the necessary legislative reforms has created a climate conducive to restructuring in the electric power industry. Consequently, since the beginning of this decade dramatic changes have taken place in an ever-increasing list of nations, from the pioneering moves in the United Kingdom, Chile and Scandinavia, to today's highly fluid power industry throughout North and South America, as well as in the European Community. The drive to restructure and take advantage of the potential economic benefits has, in our view, forced the industry to take actions and make choices at a hurried pace, without the usual deliberation and thorough analysis of possible implications. We must admit that to speak of "the industry" at this juncture is perhaps disingenuous, even misleading.

4. 2 Analysis of induction generator effect: frequency scanning method 83 4. 3 Analysis of torsional interaction(TI) 87 4. 4 State equations and eigenvalue analysis 96 4. 5 An algorithm for computing torsional modes 108 4. 6 Countermeasures for SSR III 4. 7 Torsional oscillations in parallel connected turbine generators 120 121 5. INTERACTIONS WITH POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER 5. 1 Introduction 121 5. 2 Basic concept in the application of PSS 122 5. 3 Design of PSS 126 5. 4 Torsional interaction with PSS 130 5. 5 A case study 132 6. INTERACTIONS WITH HVDC CONVERTER CONTROL 137 6. 1 Introduction 137 6. 2 HVDC converters and control 138 6. 3 Modelling of HVDC system for study of torsional interactions 147 6. 4 Analysis of torsional interactions -A simplified approach 153 6. 5 A case study 156 6. 6 A simplified damping torque analysis 161 6. 7 Control of torsional interaction 167 7. INTERACTIONS WITH SHUNT COMPENSATORS 169 7. 1 Introduction 169 7. 2 Static Var Compensator 171 7 . 3 Torsional Interactions with SVC 186 7. 4 Static Condenser(STATCON) 189 7. 5 Torsional interactions with STATCON 196 7. 6 A simplified analysis of torsional interaction with voltage controller 200 8. INTERACTIONS WITH SERIES COMPENSATORS 205 8. 1 Introduction 205 8. 2 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator 206 8. 3 Modelling of TCSC for SSR studies 216 8. 4 Mitigation of SSR with TCSC 223 8. 5 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) 229 8.

`Electric energy must be treated as a commodity which can be bought, sold, and traded, taking into account its time- and space-varying values and costs.` Spot Pricing of Electricity, Schweppe et al, 1988. Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation outlines the application of auction methods for all aspects of power system operation, primarily for a competitive environment. A complete description of the industry structure as well as the various markets now being formed is given. A thorough introduction to auction basics is included to explain how auctions have grown in other industries. Auction methods are compared to classical techniques for power system analysis, operations, and planning. The traditional applications of economic dispatch, optimal power flow and unit commitment are compared to auction mechanisms. Algorithms for auctions using linearized power flow equations, DC power flow equations, and AC power flow equations are included. The bundling of supportive services, known as ancillary services within the United States, is discussed. Extensions to the basic auction algorithms for inclusion of supportive services as well as algorithms for scheduling and bidding on generation for GENCOs or independent power producers are presented. Algorithms for scheduling and contracting with customers are also presented for energy service companies. An introduction to the various commodity and financial market products includes the use of futures and options for GENCOs. The material is useful for students performing research on the new business environment based on competition. Regulators will find information on initial methods of designing and evaluating market systems, and power exchange and financial analysts will find information on the interdependence of markets and power system-based techniques for risk management. This information compares the new business environment solutions with old business environment solutions. Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation provides a first introduction to how electricity will be traded as a commodity in the future.

State Estimation in Electric Power Systems: A Generalized Approach provides for the first time a comprehensive introduction to the topic of state estimation at an advanced textbook level. The theory as well as practice of weighted least squares (WLS) is covered with significant rigor. Included are an in depth analysis of power flow basics, proper justification of Stott's decoupled method, observability theory and matrix solution methods. In terms of practical application, topics such as bad data analysis, combinatorial bad data analysis and multiple snap shot estimation are covered. The book caters both to the specialist as well as the newcomer to the field. State estimation will play a crucial role in the emerging scenario of a deregulated power industry. Many market decisions will be based on knowing the present state of the system accurately. State Estimation in Electric Power Systems: A Generalized Approach crystallizes thirty years of WLS state estimation theory and practice in power systems and focuses on techniques adopted by state estimation developers worldwide. The book also reflects the experience of developing industrial-grade state estimation software that is used in the USA, South America, and many other places in world.

The era of the personal computer has, without doubt, permanently altered our life style in a myriad of ways. The "brain" of the personal computer is the microprocessor (together with RAM and ROM) which makes the decisions needed for the computer to perform in the desired manner. The microprocessor continues to evolve as increasingly complex tasks are required. While not sharing the limelight of the microprocessor, the "heart" of the personal computer, namely the power supply, is equally important since without the necessary source of power the microprocessor would be a useless piece of silicon. The power supply of twenty years ago was much different than its modem day equivalent. At the dawn of the personal computer era in the late 1970s, de power was obtained from a simple diode bridge. However, the need for smooth, regulated DC at low voltage required at the same time both a bulky input transformer and a large dc side ftlter. Those computer fans present at the birth of this industry can remember the large boxes housing our Altair, Cromemco and Northstar computers which was made necessary largely because of the huge power supply. It is not well appreciated but certainly true that the huge sucess of the Apple II computer in those days was due, at least in part, to the relatively slim proftle of the machine. This sleek appearance was largely due to the adoption of the then new and unproven switched mode power supply.

This research monograph is in some sense a sequel to the author's earlier one (Power System Stability, North Holland, New York 1981) which devoted cons- erable attention to Lyapunov stability theory, construction of Lyapunov fu- tions and vector Lyapunov functions as applied to power systems. This field of research has rapidly grown since 1981 and the more general concept of energy funct ion has found wide spread application in power systems. There have been advances in five distinct areas (i) Developing energy functions for structure preserving models which can incorporate non-linear load models (ii) Energy fu- tions to include detailed model of the generating unit i. e. , the synchronous machine and the excitation system (iii) Reduced order energy functions for large scale power systems, the simplest being the single machine infinite bus system (iv) Characterization of the stability boundary of the post-fault stable eQui- brium point (v) Applications for large power networks as a tool for dynamic security assessment. It was therefore felt appropriate to capture the essential features of these advances and put them in a somewhat cohesive framework. The chapters in the book rough ly fo llow this sequence. It is interesting to note how different research groups come to the same conclusion via different reas- ings.

Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications provides an overall view of the energy management approach by following the stream of energy from factory boundaries to end users. All topics are examined from the point of view of plant users rather than from that of designers and only the basic concepts necessary to clarify the operation of the plants are outlined. Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications is written both as a textbook for university courses in engineering and as a work of reference for professionals in energy management. Readers are assumed to have a basic knowledge of thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, electric systems and power electronics, as well as computer programming. This book can be used not only by technicians involved in the field of energy management but also by managers who may find it a useful tool for understanding investment proposals and even a spur to solicit new ones. Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications consists of 21 chapters concerning general principles of energy transformation and energy sources, transformation plants such as electrical substantions and boiler plants, cogeneration plants, electrical and thermal fluid distribution lines, facilities plants such as pumps and fans, air compressors, cooling, HVAC and lighting systems, heat recovery equipment, principles of energy auditing and accounting by using computers, correlation between energy and waste, education in the field. At the end of the book a chapter has been dedicated to economic analysis of energy saving investments and evaluation is given of all the cases studied in the book.

The Field Orientation Principle was fIrst formulated by Haase, in 1968, and Blaschke, in 1970. At that time, their ideas seemed impractical because of the insufficient means of implementation. However, in the early eighties, technological advances in static power converters and microprocessor-based control systems made the high-performance a. c. drive systems fully feasible. Since then, hundreds of papers dealing with various aspects of the Field Orientation Principle have appeared every year in the technical literature, and numerous commercial high-performance a. c. drives based on this principle have been developed. The term "vector control" is often used with regard to these systems. Today, it seems certain that almost all d. c. industrial drives will be ousted in the foreseeable future, to be, in major part, superseded by a. c. drive systems with vector controlled induction motors. This transition has already been taking place in industries of developed countries. Vector controlled a. c. drives have been proven capable of even better dynamic performance than d. c. drive systems, because of higher allowable speeds and shorter time constants of a. c. motors. It should be mentioned that the Field Orientation Principle can be used in control not only of induction (asynchronous) motors, but of all kinds of synchronous motors as well. Vector controlled drive systems with the so­ called brushless d. c. motors have found many applications in high­ performance drive systems, such as machine tools and industrial robots.

In Finite Element Analysis of Electrical Machines the author covers two-dimensional analysis, emphasizing the use of finite elements to perform the most common calculations required of machine designers and analysts. The book explains what is inside a finite element program, and how the finite element method can be used to determine the behavior of electrical machines. The material is tutorial and includes several completely worked out examples. The main illustrative examples are synchronous and induction machines. The methods described have been used successfully in the design and analysis of most types of rotating and linear machines. Audience: A valuable reference source for academic researchers, practitioners and designers of electrical machinery.

There is a need for fundamental changes in the ways society views electric energy. Electric energy must be treated as a commodity which can be bought, sold, and traded, taking into account its time-and space-varying values and costs. This book presents a complete framework for the establishment of such an energy marketplace. The framework is based on the use of spot prices. In general terms: o An hourly spot price (in dollars per kilowatt hour) reflects the operating and capital costs of generating, transmitting and distributing electric energy. It varies each hour and from place to place. o The spot price based energy marketplace involves a variety of utility-customer transactions (ranging from hourly varying prices to long-term, multiple-year contracts), all of which are based in a consistent manner on hourly spot prices. These transactions may include customers selling to, as well as buying from, the utility. The basic theory and practical implementation issues associated with a spot price based energy marketplace have been developed and discussed through a number of different reports, theses, and papers. Each addresses only a part of the total picture, and often with a somewhat different notation and terminology (which has evolved in parallel with our growing experience). This book was xvii xviii Preface written to serve as a single, integrated sourcebook on the theory and imple­ mentation of a spot price based energy marketplace.

We are very pleased to be asked to co-author this book for a variety of reasons, one of which was that it gave us further opportunity to work together. The scope proposed was very wide with the only significant proviso being that the book should be in a mongraph-style and not a teaching text. This require­ ment has given us the opportunity to compile a wide range of relevant material relating to present-day knowledge and application in power system reliability. As many readers will be aware, we have collaborated in many ways over a relatively long period and have co-authored two other books on reliability evaluation. Both of these previous books were structured as teaching texts. This present book is not a discourse on "how to do reliability evaluation" but a discussion on "why it should be done and what can be done and achieved" and as such does not replace or conflict with the previous books. The three books are complementary and each enhances the others. The material contained in this book is not specifically original since it is based on information which we have published in other forms either jointly or as co­ authors with various other people, particularly our many research students. We sincerely acknowledge the important contributions made by all these students and colleagues. There are too many to mention individually in this preface but their names appear frequently in the references at the end of each chapter.

The purpose of this book is to analyze, with actual examples, different techniques that have been developed to tackle the complex task of making an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of a project. A project may influence the lives of many people, can change the physical environment temporarily or forever, and creates benefits or losses, not only for the people who promoted it, but also for those not related whatsoever with the project. Thus, its assessment is not only a commercial evaluation of gains and losses, but it goes far beyond that, for it also has to appraise: Even though, in many cases, the different techniques can be used standalone, this procedure appears to be unsatisfactory, because none of them can give a complete answer to our problem. For that reason this book explains each technique separately, but whenever possible, and through examples, links them in order to obtain the maximum benefit from each one.This book is subtitled A Practical Guide, precisely because it tries to guide the practitioner in this labyrinth of techniques, by suggesting the best tools to use in each case, complementing this with abundant Internet references that provide a fast way to get more information about specific concepts, and facilitating the examination of actual EIA in many different fields. Audience: This book will help the practitioner, the student, and the public in general on how best to understand and evaluate the effects of new projects on our environment. Worksheets to prepare an EIA are included.

Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices considers the structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the shunt DSTATCOM and the shunt with series UPQC for power quality improvement in electricity distribution.Also addressed are other power electronic devices for improving power quality in Solid State Transfer Switches and Fault Current Limiters. Applications for these technologies as they relate to compensating busses supplied by a weak line and for distributed generation connections in rural networks, are included. In depth treatment of inverters to achieve voltage support, voltage balancing, harmonic suppression and transient suppression in realistic network environments are also covered. New material on the potential for shunt and series compensation which emphasizes the importance of control design has been introduced.

HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems focuses on the technical advances and developments that have taken place in the past ten years or so in the fields of High Voltage DC transmission and Flexible AC transmission systems. These advances (in HVDC transmission and FACTS) have added a new dimension to power transmission capabilities. The book covers a wide variety of topics, some of which are listed below: -Current Source and Voltage Source Converters, -Synchronization Techniques for Power Converters, -Capacitor Commutated Converters, -Active Filters, -Typical Disturbances on HVDC Systems, -Simulation Techniques, -Static Var Compensators based on Chain Link Converters, -Advanced Controllers, -Trends in Modern HVDC. In addition to EHV transmission, HVDC technology has impacted on a number of other areas as well. As an example, a chapter dealing with HVDC Light applications is included providing recent information on both on-shore and off-shore applications of wind farms.

HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems focuses on the technical advances and developments that have taken place in the past ten years or so in the fields of High Voltage DC transmission and Flexible AC transmission systems. These advances (in HVDC transmission and FACTS) have added a new dimension to power transmission capabilities. The book covers a wide variety of topics, some of which are listed below: In addition to EHV transmission, HVDC technology has impacted on a number of other areas as well. As an example, a chapter dealing with HVDC Light applications is included providing recent information on both on-shore and off-shore applications of wind farms. HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems is meant for senior undergraduate, graduate students and professional power systems engineers. Mathematical treatment of the subject has been kept to a minimum and emphasis has been placed on principles and practical applications. Applications from major manufacturers are included to provide useable information for the practicing power systems engineer.