Spectrum – serie

This is an introduction to recent developments in algebraic combinatorics and an illustration of how research in mathematics actually progresses. The author recounts the story of the search for and discovery of a proof of a formula conjectured in the late 1970s: the number of n x n alternating sign matrices, objects that generalize permutation matrices. While apparent that the conjecture must be true, the proof was elusive. Researchers became drawn to this problem, making connections to aspects of invariant theory, to symmetric functions, to hypergeometric and basic hypergeometric series, and, finally, to the six-vertex model of statistical mechanics. All these threads are brought together in Zeilberger's 1996 proof of the original conjecture. The book is accessible to anyone with a knowledge of linear algebra. Students will learn what mathematicians actually do in an interesting and new area of mathematics, and even researchers in combinatorics will find something new here.

Flatland, Edwin Abbott's story of a two-dimensional universe, as told by one of its inhabitants who is introduced to the mysteries of three-dimensional space, has enjoyed an enduring popularity from the time of its publication in 1884. This fully annotated edition enables the modern-day reader to understand and appreciate the many 'dimensions' of this classic satire. Mathematical notes and illustrations enhance the usefulness of Flatland as an elementary introduction to higher-dimensional geometry. Historical notes show connections to late-Victorian England and to classical Greece. Citations from Abbott's other writings as well as the works of Plato and Aristotle serve to interpret the text. Commentary on language and literary style includes numerous definitions of obscure words. An appendix gives a comprehensive account of the life and work of Flatland's remarkable author.

Flatland, Edwin Abbott's story of a two-dimensional universe, as told by one of its inhabitants who is introduced to the mysteries of three-dimensional space, has enjoyed an enduring popularity from the time of its publication in 1884. This fully annotated edition enables the modern-day reader to understand and appreciate the many 'dimensions' of this classic satire. Mathematical notes and illustrations enhance the usefulness of Flatland as an elementary introduction to higher-dimensional geometry. Historical notes show connections to late-Victorian England and to classical Greece. Citations from Abbott's other writings as well as the works of Plato and Aristotle serve to interpret the text. Commentary on language and literary style includes numerous definitions of obscure words. An appendix gives a comprehensive account of the life and work of Flatland's remarkable author.

Changing the way students learn calculus at New Mexico State University. In the Spring of 1988, Marcus Cohen, Edward D. Gaughan, Arthur Knoebel, Douglas S. Kurtz, and David Penegelley began work on a student project approach to calculus. For the next two years, most of their waking hours (and some of their dreams) would be devoted to writing projects for their students and discovering how to make the use of projects in calculus classes not only successful, but practical as well. A grant from the National Science Foundation made it possible for this experiment to go forward on a large scale. The enthusiasm of the original group of five faculty was contagious, and soon other members of the department were also writing and using projects in their calculus classes. At the present time, about 80% of the calculus students at New Mexico State University are doing projects in their Calculus courses. Teachers can use their methods in teaching their own calculus courses.Student Research Projects in Calculus provides teachers with over 100 projects ready to assign to students in single and multivariable calculus. The authors have designed these projects with one goal in mind: to get students to think for themselves. Each project is a multistep, take-home problem, allowing students to work both individually and in groups. The projects resemble mini-research problems. Most of them require creative thought, and all of them engage the student's analytic and intuitive faculties. the projects often build from a specific example to the general case, and weave together ideas from many parts of the calculus. Project statements are clearly stated and contain a minimum of mathematical symbols. Students must draw their own diagrams, decide for themselves what the problem is about, and what toolsfrom the calculus they will use to solve it. This approach elicits from students an amazing level of sincere questioning, energetic research, dogged persistence, and conscientious communication. Each project has accompanying notes to the instructor, reporting students' experiences. The notes contain helpful information on prerequisites, list the main topics the project explores, and suggests helpful hints. The authors have also provided several introductory chapters to help instructors use projects successfully in their classes and begin to create their own.

Long known as a mathematical storyteller, Howard Eves writes his personal reminiscences, mostly mathematical, some not. The cast of characters includes Albert Einstein, Norbert Wiener, Julian Lowell Coolidge, Maurice Frechet, Nathan Altshiller-Court, G. H. Hardy, and many other interesting figures whom he encountered in a long and active life in mathematics. In Mathematical Reminiscences, we read of Eves' famous mathematical museum, with its lock of Einstein's hair, Hardy's scarf, Veblen's bright yellow lead pencil, Wiener's hat, and much, much, more.

R. L. Moore: Mathematician and Teacher presents a full and frank biography of a mathematician recognized as one of the principal figures in the 20th Century progression of the American school of point set topology. He was equally well known as creator of the Moore Method (no textbooks, no lectures, no conferring) in which there is a current and growing revival of interest and modified application under inquiry-based learning projects in both the United States and the United Kingdom.Parker draws on oral history, with first-person recollections from many leading figures in the American mathematics community of the last half-century. The story embraces some of the most famous and influential mathematical names in America and Europe from the late 1900s in what is undoubtedly a lively account of this controversial figure, once described as Mr. Chips with Attitude. He was the first American to become a Visiting Lecturer for the American Mathematical Society, was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, published 68 papers and a book that is still referred to seventy years later and that has been the subject of literally hundreds of papers by other mathematicians around the globe. Three of Moore's students followed him as president of the American Mathematical Society, and three others became vice-presidents. Five served as president of the Mathematical Association of America, and three became members of the National Academy of Sciences.

Where can you hear an old man in a nursing home tell of how he disproved Goldbach's Conjecture as part of an undergraduate research project? Get inside the mind of James Clerk Maxwell as he discovers electro-magnetic waves? Witness the 19th century's greatest mathematician finally get the credit she was denied by sexism and murder? In Reality Conditions, a collection of short stories spanning a variety of genres, you can share in these and other fictional mathematical experiences.Each story is a mathematical journey designed to entertain, educate and tantalize. There is something here for everyone: humor, drama, the little details to the big picture, science fiction to true histories. Through these stories, those with little mathematical background will encounter some of the most interesting parts of the field of mathematics for the first time. Even professional mathematicians will be captivated by ideas that take us to the limits of knowledge, addressing the questions of how mathematics is related to the human mind and how it is related to reality. The book is perfect for leisure reading. Join one of the leading experts in the area of mathematical fiction as he takes us on a whirlwind tour of mathematics, both real and imaginary.

Translated from the original German by Peter Hilton and Jean Pedersen. The 99 points of intersection presented here were collected during a year-long search for surprising concurrence of lines. For each example we find compelling evidence for the sometimes startling fact that in a geometric figure three straight lines, or sometimes circles, pass through one and the same point. Of course, we are familiar with some examples of this from basic elementary geometry - the intersection of medians, altitudes, angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors of sides of a triangle. Here there are many more examples - some for figures other than triangles, some where even more than three straight lines pass through a common point. The main part of the book presents 99 points of intersection purely visually. They are developed in a sequence of figures, many without caption or verbal commentary. In addition the book contains general thoughts on and examples of the points of intersection, as well as some typical methods of proving their existence. Many of the examples shown in the book were inspired by questions and suggestions made by students and high-school teachers. Several of those examples have not only a geometrical, but also an intriguing aesthetic, aspect. The book addresses high-school students and students at the undergraduate level as well as their teachers, but will appeal to anyone interested in geometry.

This book is an English translation of a collection of papers in Russian from a conference held in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1983, 200 years after Euler's death. Two of the Russian papers in the collection are themselves translations from the German. The present English translation appears in 2007, 300 years after his birth. We speak of the ""Age of Euler"". A justification of this term is provided by a list of scientific terms connected with Euler s name and his many contributions to pure mathematics, well-known in the mathematical community and, in part, covered in this volume. What makes this collection remarkable, though, is the extensive treatment of Euler's contributions outside pure mathematics-to astronomy, celestial mechanics, ballistics, history of science, instruments and technology, physics, mechanics, hydromechanics, mechanics of elastic systems, variational principles of mechanics, and a mathematical theory of music. In addition to this survey of his contributions to science, we find here material otherwise very difficult to find detailed accounts of Euler's family life and the careers pursued by his children and grandchildren. Readers otherwise well-informed about Euler and his work will find here much to enhance their appreciation of this extraordinary scientist and human being. For significant and factual knowledge of Euler's contributions to science past and present, this book is easily the best available choice.

This book picks up the history of mathematics from where Sherlock Holmes in Babylon left it. The forty articles of Who Gave You the Epsilon? continue the story of the development of mathematics into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The articles have all been published in the Mathematical Association of America journals and are in many cases written by distinguished mathematicians such as G. H. Hardy and B. van der Waerden. The articles are arranged thematically to show the development of analysis, geometry, algebra and number theory through this period of time. Each chapter is preceded by a foreword, giving the historical background and setting and the scene, and is followed by an afterword, reporting on advances in our historical knowledge and understanding since the articles first appeared. This book is ideal for anyone wanting to explore the history of mathematics.

This book is the second volume based on lectures for pre-college students given by prominent mathematicians in the Bay Area Mathematical Adventures (BAMA). This book reflects the flavor of the BAMA lectures and the excitement they have generated among the high school and middle school students in the Silicon Valley. The topics cover a wide range of mathematical subjects each treated by a leading proponent of the subject at levels designed to challenge and attract students whose mathematical interests are just beginning. In addition, the treatments given here will intrigue and enchant a more mature mathematician. It is hoped that the publication of these lectures will expose students outside of the San Francisco Bay Area to interesting mathematical topics and treatments outside of their normal experience in the classroom. Mathematical educators are encouraged to offer the students in their own localities similar opportunities to come into contact with exciting adventures in mathematics.

This book is about beautiful mathematical concepts and creations. Mathematical ideas have an aesthetic appeal that can be appreciated by those who have the time and dedication to investigate. Mathematical topics are presented in the categories of words, images, formulas, theorems, proofs, solutions, and unsolved problems. Readers will investigate exciting mathematical topics ranging from complex numbers to arithmetic progressions, from Alcuin's sequence to the zeta function, and from hypercubes to infinity squared. Do you know that a lemniscate curve is the circular inversion of a hyperbola? That Sierpinski's triangle has fractal dimension 1.585....? That a regular septagon can be constructed with straightedge, compass, and an angle trisector? Do you know how to prove Lagrange s theorem that every positive integer is the sum of four squares? Can you find the first three digits of the millionth Fibonacci number? Discover the keys to these and many other mathematical problems. In each case, the mathematics is compelling, elegant, simple, and beautiful. Who should read this book? There is something new for any mathematically-minded person. High school and college students will find motivation for their mathematical studies. Professional mathematicians will find fresh examples of mathematical beauty to pass along to others. Within each chapter, the topics require progressively more prerequisite knowledge. An appendix gives background definitions and theorems, while another gives challenging exercises (with solutions).

This book is about the concept of mathematical maturity. Mathematical maturity is central to a mathematics education. The goal of a mathematics education is to transform the student from someone who treats mathematical ideas empirically and intuitively to someone who treats mathematical ideas analytically and can control and manipulate them effectively.Put more directly, a mathematically mature person is one who can read, analyze, and evaluate proofs. And, most significantly, he/she is one who can create proofs. For this is what modern mathematics is all about: coming up with new ideas and validating them with proofs.The book provides background, data, and analysis for understanding the concept of mathematical maturity. It turns the idea of mathematical maturity from a topic for coffee-room conversation to a topic for analysis and serious consideration.

Beginning with one of the most remarkable ecological collapses of recent times, that of the passenger pigeon, this book surveys collapse processes across the entire spectrum of the natural and man-made world. The reader is taken through extreme weather events, crashing financial markets and companies, the chaotic nature of Earth's orbit, revolutionary political change, the spread of disease and many other fascinating cases. The author's key observation is the consistent occurrence of one or more of six fundamental dynamics ('six sources of collapse'), all of which can be best described and investigated using fundamental mathematical concepts which include low probability events, group dynamics, evolutionary games, instability, nonlinearity and network effects. The exposition assumes a minimal mathematical background, but even professional mathematicians are likely to get rich insights from the range of examples. This book will also be of interest to readers in business and finance, engineering, ecology and political science.

C. Edward Sandifer has been studying Euler for decades and is one of the world's leading experts on his work. This book is the second collection of Sandifer's 'How Euler Did It' columns. Each is a jewel of historical and mathematical exposition. The sum total of years of work and study of the most prolific mathematician in history, this volume will leave the reader marveling at Euler's clever inventiveness, which Sandifer explicates and puts in context.

Founded in 1961 and still thriving today, the recreational magazine Pythagoras has given generations of high school students in the Netherlands a perspective on many branches of mathematics that are not taught in schools. This book is a selection of the best and most inspiring articles from Pythagoras magazine. It contains a mix of problems - some easy, some challenging, always original - as well as playful introductions to subjects in algebra, geometry, topology, number theory, and more. Concepts like sudoku and the magic square are given a whole new dimension. Articles on Escher's 'impossible objects', a recurring subject over the years, are part of a special section on mathematics and art. Smart high school students and anyone else with a sharp and inquisitive mind will find in this book a treasure trove rich enough to keep one's mind engaged for many weeks and months.

The MAA was founded in 1915 to serve as a home for The American Mathematical Monthly. The mission of the Association-to advance mathematics, especially at the collegiate level-has, however, always been larger than merely publishing world-class mathematical exposition. MAA members have explored more than just mathematics; we have, as this volume tries to make evident, investigated mathematical connections to pedagogy, history, the arts, technology, literature, every field of intellectual endeavor. Essays, all commissioned for this volume, include exposition by Bob Devaney, Robin Wilson, and Frank Morgan; history from Karen Parshall, Della Dumbaugh, and Bill Dunham; pedagogical discussion from Paul Zorn, Joe Gallian, and Michael Starbird, and cultural commentary from Bonnie Gold, Jon Borwein, and Steve Abbott.This volume contains 35 essays by all-star writers and expositors writing to celebrate an extraordinary century for mathematics-more mathematics has been created and published since 1915 than in all of previous recorded history. We've solved age-old mysteries, created entire new fields of study, and changed our conception of what mathematics is. Many of those stories are told in this volume as the contributors paint a portrait of the broad cultural sweep of mathematics during the MAA's first century. Mathematics is the most thrilling, the most human, area of intellectual inquiry; you will find in this volume compelling proof of that claim.

At the turn of the twentieth century, mathematical scholarship in the United States underwent a stunning transformation. In 1890, no American professor was producing mathematical research worthy of international attention. Graduate students were then advised to pursue their studies abroad. By the start of World War I, the standing of American mathematics had radically changed. George David Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson, and others were turning out cutting edge investigations that attracted notice in the intellectual centers of Europe. Harvard, Chicago, and Princeton maintained graduate programs comparable to those overseas. This book explores the people, timing, and factors behind this rapid advance.Through the mid-nineteenth century, most American colleges followed a classical curriculum that, in mathematics, rarely reached beyond calculus. With no doctoral programs of any sort in the United States until 1860, mathematical scholarship lagged far behind that in Europe. After the Civil War, visionary presidents at Harvard and Johns Hopkins broadened and deepened the opportunities for study. The breakthrough for mathematics began in 1890 with the hiring, in consecutive years, of William F. Osgood and Maxime Bôcher at Harvard and E. H. Moore at Chicago. Each of these young men had studied in Germany where they acquired vital mathematical knowledge and taste. Over the next few years, Osgood, Bôcher, and Moore established their own research programs and introduced new graduate courses. Working with other like-minded individuals through the nascent American Mathematical Society, the infrastructure of meetings and journals were created. In the early twentieth century, Princeton dramatically upgraded its faculty to give the United States the stability of a third mathematics center. The publication by Birkhoff, in 1913, of the solution to a famous conjecture served notice that American mathematics had earned consideration with the European powers of Germany, France, Italy, England, and Russia.

G. H. Hardy (1877-1947) ranks among the great mathematicians of the twentieth century. He did essential research in number theory and analysis, held professorships at Cambridge and Oxford, wrote important textbooks as well as the classic A Mathematician's Apology, and famously collaborated with J. E. Littlewood and Srinivasa Ramanujan. Hardy was a colorful character with remarkable expository skills. This book is a feast of G. H. Hardy's writing. There are selections of his mathematical papers, his book reviews, his tributes to departed colleagues. Some articles are serious, whereas others display a wry sense of humor. And there are recollections by those who knew Hardy, along with biographical and mathematical pieces written explicitly for this collection. Fans of Hardy should find much here to like. And for those unfamiliar with his work, The G. H. Hardy Reader provides an introduction to this extraordinary individual.

G. H. Hardy (1877-1947) ranks among the great mathematicians of the twentieth century. He did essential research in number theory and analysis, held professorships at Cambridge and Oxford, wrote important textbooks as well as the classic A Mathematician's Apology, and famously collaborated with J. E. Littlewood and Srinivasa Ramanujan. Hardy was a colorful character with remarkable expository skills. This book is a feast of G. H. Hardy's writing. There are selections of his mathematical papers, his book reviews, his tributes to departed colleagues. Some articles are serious, whereas others display a wry sense of humor. And there are recollections by those who knew Hardy, along with biographical and mathematical pieces written explicitly for this collection. Fans of Hardy should find much here to like. And for those unfamiliar with his work, The G. H. Hardy Reader provides an introduction to this extraordinary individual.

Certain constants occupy precise balancing points in the cosmos of number, like habitable planets sprinkled throughout our galaxy at just the right distances from their suns. This book introduces and connects four of these constants (phi, pi, e and i), each of which has recently been the individual subject of historical and mathematical expositions. But here we discuss their properties, as a group, at a level appropriate for an audience armed only with the tools of elementary calculus. This material offers an excellent excuse to display the power of calculus to reveal elegant truths that are not often seen in college classes. These truths are described here via the work of such luminaries as Nilakantha, Liu Hui, Hemachandra, Khayyam, Newton, Wallis, and Euler.

Hassler Whitney was a giant of twentieth-century mathematics. This biography paints a picture of him and includes dozens of revealing anecdotes. Mathematically, he had a rare detector that went off whenever he spotted a piece of mathematical gold, and he would then draw countless pictures, gradually forging a path from hunch to proof. This geometric path is seldom reflected in the rigor of his formal papers, but thanks to a close friendship and many conversations over decades, author Kendig was able to see how he actually worked. This book shows this through accessible accounts of his major mathematical contributions, with figures copiously supplied.Whitney is probably best known for introducing the grandfather of today's innumerable embedding theorems--his strong embedding theorem stating that any smooth manifold can be smoothly embedded in a Euclidean space of twice the manifold's dimension. This in turn led to several standard techniques used every day in algebraic topology. Whitney also established the fundamentals of graph theory, the four-color problem, matroids, extending smooth functions, and singularities of smooth functions. He almost never used complicated technical machinery, so most of his work is accessible to a general reader with a modest mathematical background.His math-music connection was intense: He played piano, violin, and viola and won ``best composition of the year'' while earning a Bachelor's degree in music at Yale. He was an accomplished mountain climber, and as a tinkerer, at age sixteen he built the large-format camera used to take this book's cover photograph. Whitney's family generously provided dozens of photographs appearing here for the very first time. This biography is a revealing portrait of a fascinating personality and a titan of twentieth-century mathematics.

This is the first truly comprehensive and thorough history of the development of mathematics in the United States and Canada. This first volume of a two-volume work takes the reader from the European encounters with North America in the fifteenth century up to the emergence of the United States as a world leader in mathematics in the 1930s.In the story of the Colonial period particular emphasis is given to several prominent Colonial figures--Jefferson, Franklin, and Rittenhouse-and four important early colleges-Quebec, Harvard, Yale, and William & Mary. During the first three-quarters of the nineteenth century, mathematics in North America was largely the occupation of scattered individual pioneers: Bowditch, Farrar, Adrain, B. Peirce. This period is given a fuller treatment here than previously in the literature, including the creation of the first PhD programs and attempts to form organizations and found journals.With the founding of Johns Hopkins University in 1876, the American mathematical research community was finally, and firmly, founded. The programs at Hopkins, Chicago, and Clark are detailed as are the influence of major European mathematicians, including especially Klein, Hilbert, and Sylvester. Extensive histories of early areas of American emphasis are provided, including axiomatics, topology, and group theory. Also included are the early histories of statistics and cryptology in America, laying the foundation for the latter topic's role in abstract algebra in the 1950s. The stories of both the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Association of America are presented in detail.David Zitarelli is emeritus Professor of Mathematics at Temple University. A decorated and acclaimed teacher, scholar, and expositor, he is one of the world's leading experts on the development of American mathematics. Author or co-author of over a dozen books, this is his magnum opus--sure to become the leading reference on the topic and essential reading, not just for historians. In clear and compelling prose, Zitarelli spins a tale accessible to experts, generalists, and anyone interested in the history of science in North America.

Calculus Gems, a collection of essays written about mathematicians and mathematics, is a spin-off of two appendices (""Biographical Notes"" and ""Variety of Additional Topics"") found in Simmons' 1985 calculus book. With many additions and some minor adjustments, the material will now be available in a separate softcover volume. The text is suitable as a supplement for a calculus course and/or a history of mathematics course, The overall aim is bound up in the question, ""What is mathematics for?"" and in Simmons' answer, ""To delight the mind and help us understand the world"". The essays are independent of one another, allowing the instructor to pick and choose among them. Part A, ""Brief Lives"", is a biographical history of mathematics from earliest times (Thales, 625-547 BC) through the late 19th century (Weierstrass, 1815-1897) that serves to connect mathematics to the broader intellectual and social history of Western civilization. Part B, ""Memorable Mathematics"", is a collection of interesting topics from number theory, geometry, and science arranged in an order roughly corresponding to the order of most calculus courses. Some of these sections have a few problems for the student to solve. Students can gain perspective on the mathematical experience and learn some mathematics not contained in the usual courses, and instructors can assign student papers and projects based on the essays. The book teaches by example that mathematics is more than computation. Original illustrations of influential mathematicians in history and their inventions accompany the brief biographies and mathematical discussions.

Martin Gardner is widely known for his writing on recreational mathematics, not least for the myriad problems he has devised over some 25 years for Scientific American. In this book are 36 of his best brainteasers. These are not simply cunning puzzles, but serve to illustrate the art of the mathematician as problem solver, and their solution draws on ideas from topology, probability, number theory, logic and beyond. Fully worked answers are given, which, in turn, lead to additional problems for the reader. For anybody who likes to solve mathematical problems, this book will be both entertaining and a challenge.

The Early Mathematics of Leonhard Euler gives an article-by-article description of Leonhard Euler's early mathematical works; the 50 or so mathematical articles he wrote before he left St. Petersburg in 1741 to join the Academy of Frederick the Great in Berlin. These early pieces contain some of Euler's greatest work, the Konigsberg bridge problem, his solution to the Basel problem, and his first proof of the Euler-Fermat theorem. It also presents important results that we seldom realize are due to Euler; that mixed partial derivatives are (usually) equal, our $f(x)$ notation, and the integrating factor in differential equations.The books shows how contributions in diverse fields are related, how number theory relates to series, which, in turn, relate to elliptic integrals and then to differential equations. There are dozens of such strands in this beautiful web of mathematics. At the same time, we see Euler grow in power and sophistication, from a young student when at 18 he published his first work on differential equations (a paper with a serious flaw) to the most celebrated mathematician and scientist of his time. It is a portrait of the world's most exciting mathematics between 1725 and 1741, rich in technical detail, woven with connections within Euler's work and with the work of other mathematicians in other times and places, laced with historical context.