Toward a Unified Theory of Development

John P. Spencer is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Iowa and the founding Co-Director of the Iowa Center for Developmental and Learning Sciences. He received a Sc.B. with Honors from Brown University in 1991 and a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Indiana University in 1998. He is the recipient of the Irving J. Saltzman and the J.R. Kantor Graduate Awards from Indiana University, the Early Research Contributions Award from theSociety for Research in Child Development, and the Robert L. Fantz Memorial Award from the American Psychological Foundation. His research examines the development of visuo-spatial cognition, spatial language, workingmemory, and attention, with an emphasis on dynamical systems and neural network models of cognition and action. He has had continuous funding from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation since 2001. Michael S. C. Thomas is a Reader in Cognitive Neuropsychology at Birkbeck College, University of London, and the director of the Developmental Neurocognition Lab at the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development. He is part of a team awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education in 2006. Dr. Thomas received his B.Sc. in psychology from the University of Exeter, an M.Sc. degree in cognitive science from the University of Birmingham, and a D.Phil. inExperimental Psychology (on behavioral and computational studies of bilingualism) at the University of Oxford, UK. His research focuses on language and cognitive development, and specifically neurocomputationalexplanations of the variability seen in typical children and in children with developmental disorders. His work combines behavioral methods, computational modeling, and structural and functional brain imaging (see www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/research/DNL/). James L. McClelland received his Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975. He served on the faculty of the University of California, San Diego, before moving to Carnegie Mellon in 1984, where he became a University Professor and held the Walter Van Dyke Bingham Chair in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. He was a founding Co-Director of the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, a joint project of Carnegie Mellon and the University ofPittsburgh. He served as Co-Director until 2006, when he moved to Stanford University, where he is now Professor of Psychology and is the founding Director of the Center for Mind, Brain and Computation.

"What is knowledge and how is it acquired? Radical answers to these questions are proposed by the world's leading exponents of dynamical systems theory and connectionist modeling. The volume represents the first comprehensive review of the theoretical relationship between these two frameworks for understanding development. Readers will gain a thorough appreciation of the complementary nature of connectionism and dynamical systems, and receive guidance on howthey might be unified in the service of a grand theory. If you are interested in the mechanisms of developmental change, you ignore this book at your peril." --Kim Plunkett, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Oxford"There is no more complex construction project on earth than the development of the human brain. This integrated collection of chapters offers a new perspective on how development manages to accomplish the seemingly conflicting goals of maintaining stability while orchestrating massive changes as the brain grows into a human mind." --Terrence Sejnowski, Salk Institute for Biological Studies and University of California, San Diego"There are many good reasons for presuming that a theory of development should guide inquiry into perception, action and cognition. Unfortunately no developmental theory of the requisite scope and depth has been forthcoming. In the present volume we are given the opportunity to evaluate whether the desired level of theory could emerge from the perspectives of connectionism and dynamical systems, singly or in combination. Minimally, the volume makes us acutelyaware of the challenges confronting efforts to formalize human development." --Michael Turvey, Board of Trustees' Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut and Senior Research Scientist, Haskins Laboratories

• Introduction John P. Spencer, Michael S.C. Thomas, and James L. McClelland ; I. Introduction to the Approaches ; 1. Connectionist Models of Development: Mechanistic Dynamical Models with Emergent Dynamical Properties James L. McClelland and Gautam Vallabha ; 2. Development as Change of System Dynamics: Stability, Instability, and Emergence Gregor Schoner ; II. Dynamical Systems Theory: Case Studies ; 3. Brain, Body, and Mind: Lessons from Infant Motor Development Daniela Corbetta ; 4. Dynamic Systems, Sensory-motor Processes, and the Origins of Stability and Flexibility Linda B. Smith ; 5. Dynamic Field Theory and Embodied Cognitive Dynamics John P. Spencer, Sammy Perone, and Jeff Johnson ; 6. Time Scales in Connectionist and Dynamical Systems Approaches to Learning and Development Karl M. Newell, Yeou-Teh Liu, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress ; III. Connectionism: Case Studies ; 7. Connectionist Approaches to Perservation: Understanding Universal and Task-Specific Aspects of Children's Behavior J. Bruce Morton and Yuko Munakata ; 8. Dynamical Insight into Structure in Connectionist Models Whitney Tabor ; 9. The Robot as a New Frontier for Connectionism and Dynamic Systems Theory Matthew Schlesinger ; IV. Hybrid Models: Case Studies ; 10. Combining Connectionist and Dynamic Systems Principles in Models of Development: The Case of Analogical Completion Denis Mareschal, Robert Leech, and Richard P. Cooper ; 11. Integrating Connectionist Learning and Dynamical Systems Processing: Case Studies in Speech and Lexical Development Bob McMurray, Jessica S. Horst, Joseph C. Toscano, and Larissa K. Samuelson ; V. Reactions from the "Outside" ; 12. Soft-Assembled Mechanisms for the Grand Theory Heidi Kloos and Guy C. Van Orden ; 13. Are Dynamic Systems and Connectionist Approaches an Alternative to "Good Old Fashioned Cognitive Development"? Lisa M. Oakes, Nora S. Newcombe, and Jodie M. Plumert ; 14. A Developmental Systems Theory Perspective on Psychological Change Timothy D. Johnston and Robert Lickliter ; VI. Reactions from the "Inside" ; 15. Transitions in Cognitive Development: Prospects and Limitations of a Neural Dynamic Approach Han L. J. van der Maas and Maartje E. J. Raijmakers ; 16. Dynamic Systems and the Quest for Individual-Based Models of Change and Development Paul van Geert and Kurt Fischer ; 17. Dynamic and Connectionist Approaches to Development: Toward a Future of Mutually Beneficial Co-evolution Michael S. C. Thomas, James L. McClelland, Fiona M. Richardson, Anna C. Shapiro, and Frank Baughman ; 18. Moving Toward a New Grand Theory While Valuing the Importance of the Initial Conditions John P. Spencer, Evelina Dineva, and Gregor Schoner