Francis T. Cullen is Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, where he also holds a joint appointment in Sociology. Pamela Wilcox is Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. Together they are the editors of the Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory (Sage, 2010).

• Preface ; Contributors ; Section 1 Individual and Society ; Part I. Biosocial Criminology ; 1. Revisiting Lombroso ; Matt DeLisi ; 2. Biology and Crime ; Melissa Peskin, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Anna Rudo-Hutt, Yaling Yang, and ; Adrian Raine ; 3. Parenting and Crime ; John Paul Wright and Kevin M. Beaver ; Part II. Individuals and Crime ; 4. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct ; Paula Smith ; 5. Risk Factors and Crime ; Emily E. Tanner-Smith, Sandra Jo Wilson, and Mark W. Lipsey ; Part III. Social Sources of Offending ; 6. Social Learning and Crime ; Emily Salisbury ; 7. Hirschi's Criminology ; Barbara J. Costello ; 8. General Strain and Urban Youth Violence ; Timothy Brezina and Robert Agnew ; 9. Social Support and Crime ; Matthew D. Makarios and Tara Livelsberger ; Part IV. Crime and the Life Course ; 10. Life-Course-Persistent Offenders ; Shawn D. Bushway ; 11. Change in Offending across the Life Course ; Christopher J. Sullivan ; 12. Two Approaches to Developmental/Life-Course Theorizing ; David P. Farrington and Rolf Loeber ; Section 2 Contexts of Offending ; Part V. Peers, Gangs, and Crime ; 13. Peer Networks and Crime ; Dana L. Haynie and Derek A. Kreager ; 14. Contemporary Gang Ethnographies ; Scott Decker and David Pyrooz ; 15. Girls, Friends, and Delinquency ; Jean Marie McGloin and Stephanie DiPietro ; 16. Gender and Theories of Delinquency ; Stacy De Coster, Karen Heimer, and Samantha R. Cumley ; Part VI. Communities and Crime ; 17. Neighborhood Ties, Control, and Crime ; Barbara D. Warner and Audrey C. Clubb ; 18. Community, Inequality, and Crime ; Graham C. Ousey and Matthew R. Lee ; 19. Street Culture and Crime ; Mark T. Berg and Eric A. Stewart ; 20. The Code of the Suburb and Drug Dealing ; Scott Jacques and Richard Wright ; Part VII. The American Experience and Crime ; 21. Social Institutions and Crime ; Steven F. Messner, Richard Rosenfeld, and Susanne Karstedt ; 22. The Market Economy and Crime ; Elliott Currie ; 23. Immigration and Crime ; Charis E. Kubrin ; Section 3 Choice and Opportunity ; Part VIII. Deciding to Offend ; 24. Choosing Street Crime ; Richard Wright and Volkan Topalli ; 25. Choosing White-Collar Crime ; Neal Shover, Andy Hochstetler, and Tage Alalehto ; 26. Emotions, Choice, and Crime ; Michael L. Benson and Tara Livelsberger ; Part IX. Opportunity Theories ; 27. Routine Activity Theory ; Arelys Madero-Hernandez and Bonnie S. Fisher ; 28. The Theory of Target Search ; Paul J. Brantingham and Patricia L. Brantingham ; 29. Crime Places and Place Management ; Tamara D. Madensen and John E. Eck ; 30. Multilevel Criminal Opportunity ; Pamela Wilcox, Brooke Miller Gialopsos, and Kenneth C. Land ; Section 4 Theories of Power and Punishment ; Part X. Critical Criminology ; 31. Coercion and Crime ; Thomas Vander Ven and Mark Colvin ; 32. Green Criminology ; Michael J. Lynch and Paul B. Stretesky ; Part XI. Theories of the Criminal Sanction ; 33. Perceptual Deterrence Theory ; Ray Paternoster and Ronet Bachman ; 34. The Effects of Imprisonment ; Cheryl Lero Jonson ; 35. Coercive Mobility ; Natasha A. Frost and Todd R. Clear ; Index

Francis T. Cullen is Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, where he also holds a joint appointment in Sociology. Pamela Wilcox is Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. Together they are the editors of the Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory (Sage, 2010).

• Preface ; Contributors ; Section 1 Individual and Society ; Part I. Biosocial Criminology ; 1. Revisiting Lombroso ; Matt DeLisi ; 2. Biology and Crime ; Melissa Peskin, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Anna Rudo-Hutt, Yaling Yang, and ; Adrian Raine ; 3. Parenting and Crime ; John Paul Wright and Kevin M. Beaver ; Part II. Individuals and Crime ; 4. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct ; Paula Smith ; 5. Risk Factors and Crime ; Emily E. Tanner-Smith, Sandra Jo Wilson, and Mark W. Lipsey ; Part III. Social Sources of Offending ; 6. Social Learning and Crime ; Emily Salisbury ; 7. Hirschi's Criminology ; Barbara J. Costello ; 8. General Strain and Urban Youth Violence ; Timothy Brezina and Robert Agnew ; 9. Social Support and Crime ; Matthew D. Makarios and Tara Livelsberger ; Part IV. Crime and the Life Course ; 10. Life-Course-Persistent Offenders ; Shawn D. Bushway ; 11. Change in Offending across the Life Course ; Christopher J. Sullivan ; 12. Two Approaches to Developmental/Life-Course Theorizing ; David P. Farrington and Rolf Loeber ; Section 2 Contexts of Offending ; Part V. Peers, Gangs, and Crime ; 13. Peer Networks and Crime ; Dana L. Haynie and Derek A. Kreager ; 14. Contemporary Gang Ethnographies ; Scott Decker and David Pyrooz ; 15. Girls, Friends, and Delinquency ; Jean Marie McGloin and Stephanie DiPietro ; 16. Gender and Theories of Delinquency ; Stacy De Coster, Karen Heimer, and Samantha R. Cumley ; Part VI. Communities and Crime ; 17. Neighborhood Ties, Control, and Crime ; Barbara D. Warner and Audrey C. Clubb ; 18. Community, Inequality, and Crime ; Graham C. Ousey and Matthew R. Lee ; 19. Street Culture and Crime ; Mark T. Berg and Eric A. Stewart ; 20. The Code of the Suburb and Drug Dealing ; Scott Jacques and Richard Wright ; Part VII. The American Experience and Crime ; 21. Social Institutions and Crime ; Steven F. Messner, Richard Rosenfeld, and Susanne Karstedt ; 22. The Market Economy and Crime ; Elliott Currie ; 23. Immigration and Crime ; Charis E. Kubrin ; Section 3 Choice and Opportunity ; Part VIII. Deciding to Offend ; 24. Choosing Street Crime ; Richard Wright and Volkan Topalli ; 25. Choosing White-Collar Crime ; Neal Shover, Andy Hochstetler, and Tage Alalehto ; 26. Emotions, Choice, and Crime ; Michael L. Benson and Tara Livelsberger ; Part IX. Opportunity Theories ; 27. Routine Activity Theory ; Arelys Madero-Hernandez and Bonnie S. Fisher ; 28. The Theory of Target Search ; Paul J. Brantingham and Patricia L. Brantingham ; 29. Crime Places and Place Management ; Tamara D. Madensen and John E. Eck ; 30. Multilevel Criminal Opportunity ; Pamela Wilcox, Brooke Miller Gialopsos, and Kenneth C. Land ; Section 4 Theories of Power and Punishment ; Part X. Critical Criminology ; 31. Coercion and Crime ; Thomas Vander Ven and Mark Colvin ; 32. Green Criminology ; Michael J. Lynch and Paul B. Stretesky ; Part XI. Theories of the Criminal Sanction ; 33. Perceptual Deterrence Theory ; Ray Paternoster and Ronet Bachman ; 34. The Effects of Imprisonment ; Cheryl Lero Jonson ; 35. Coercive Mobility ; Natasha A. Frost and Todd R. Clear ; Index

Francis T. Cullen is Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, where he also holds a joint appointment in Sociology. Pamela Wilcox is Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. Together they are the editors of the Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory (Sage, 2010).

• Preface ; Contributors ; Section 1 Individual and Society ; Part I. Biosocial Criminology ; 1. Revisiting Lombroso ; Matt DeLisi ; 2. Biology and Crime ; Melissa Peskin, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Anna Rudo-Hutt, Yaling Yang, and ; Adrian Raine ; 3. Parenting and Crime ; John Paul Wright and Kevin M. Beaver ; Part II. Individuals and Crime ; 4. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct ; Paula Smith ; 5. Risk Factors and Crime ; Emily E. Tanner-Smith, Sandra Jo Wilson, and Mark W. Lipsey ; Part III. Social Sources of Offending ; 6. Social Learning and Crime ; Emily Salisbury ; 7. Hirschi's Criminology ; Barbara J. Costello ; 8. General Strain and Urban Youth Violence ; Timothy Brezina and Robert Agnew ; 9. Social Support and Crime ; Matthew D. Makarios and Tara Livelsberger ; Part IV. Crime and the Life Course ; 10. Life-Course-Persistent Offenders ; Shawn D. Bushway ; 11. Change in Offending across the Life Course ; Christopher J. Sullivan ; 12. Two Approaches to Developmental/Life-Course Theorizing ; David P. Farrington and Rolf Loeber ; Section 2 Contexts of Offending ; Part V. Peers, Gangs, and Crime ; 13. Peer Networks and Crime ; Dana L. Haynie and Derek A. Kreager ; 14. Contemporary Gang Ethnographies ; Scott Decker and David Pyrooz ; 15. Girls, Friends, and Delinquency ; Jean Marie McGloin and Stephanie DiPietro ; 16. Gender and Theories of Delinquency ; Stacy De Coster, Karen Heimer, and Samantha R. Cumley ; Part VI. Communities and Crime ; 17. Neighborhood Ties, Control, and Crime ; Barbara D. Warner and Audrey C. Clubb ; 18. Community, Inequality, and Crime ; Graham C. Ousey and Matthew R. Lee ; 19. Street Culture and Crime ; Mark T. Berg and Eric A. Stewart ; 20. The Code of the Suburb and Drug Dealing ; Scott Jacques and Richard Wright ; Part VII. The American Experience and Crime ; 21. Social Institutions and Crime ; Steven F. Messner, Richard Rosenfeld, and Susanne Karstedt ; 22. The Market Economy and Crime ; Elliott Currie ; 23. Immigration and Crime ; Charis E. Kubrin ; Section 3 Choice and Opportunity ; Part VIII. Deciding to Offend ; 24. Choosing Street Crime ; Richard Wright and Volkan Topalli ; 25. Choosing White-Collar Crime ; Neal Shover, Andy Hochstetler, and Tage Alalehto ; 26. Emotions, Choice, and Crime ; Michael L. Benson and Tara Livelsberger ; Part IX. Opportunity Theories ; 27. Routine Activity Theory ; Arelys Madero-Hernandez and Bonnie S. Fisher ; 28. The Theory of Target Search ; Paul J. Brantingham and Patricia L. Brantingham ; 29. Crime Places and Place Management ; Tamara D. Madensen and John E. Eck ; 30. Multilevel Criminal Opportunity ; Pamela Wilcox, Brooke Miller Gialopsos, and Kenneth C. Land ; Section 4 Theories of Power and Punishment ; Part X. Critical Criminology ; 31. Coercion and Crime ; Thomas Vander Ven and Mark Colvin ; 32. Green Criminology ; Michael J. Lynch and Paul B. Stretesky ; Part XI. Theories of the Criminal Sanction ; 33. Perceptual Deterrence Theory ; Ray Paternoster and Ronet Bachman ; 34. The Effects of Imprisonment ; Cheryl Lero Jonson ; 35. Coercive Mobility ; Natasha A. Frost and Todd R. Clear ; Index