George Engelhard, Jr. is a professor at The University of Georgia, USA, and a professor emeritus at Emory University, USA. Stefanie A. Wind is an assistant professor at The University of Alabama, USA.

"No author can match George Engelhard’s oeuvre in the use of Rasch models for rater-mediated performance assessments. This latest volume, with Stefanie Wind, draws on a broad background of measurement theory, philosophy and test standards to focus invariant measurement – the crucial next step in measurement practice. This will be my go-to reference text." - Trevor G. Bond, James Cook University, Australia "This is an accessible and comprehensive treatment on the use of ratings for measurement purposes. The authors are trusted sources who are active in the field and that practical knowledge and experience shows in their writing." – Jonathan Templin, University of Kansas, USA

• Preface. I. Introduction 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Progress in the Social Sciences: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective II. Theories of Measurement and Judgment for Rating Scales 3. Measurement Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments: A Tale of Two Research Traditions 4. Lens Models of Human Judgment for Rater-Mediated Assessments III. Foundational Areas for Rating Scales 5. Validity, Invariant Measurement, and Rater-Mediated Assessments 6. Reliability, Precision, and Errors of Measurement for Ratings 7. Fairness in Rater-Mediated Assessment: Appropriate Interpretation and Use of Ratings 8. Case Study: Evidence for the Validity, Reliability, and Fairness of Ratings on a Middle Grades Writing Assessment IV. Technical Issues and IRT Models for Ratings 9. Models for Ratings Based on Item Response Theory 10. Parameter Estimation for the Polytomous Rasch Model V. Practical Issues 11. Model-Data Fit for Polytomous Rating-Scale Models 12. Designing Rater-Mediated Assessment Systems 13. Examining Rating Scale Functioning VI. Final Word 14. Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Summary and Discussion

George Engelhard, Jr. is a professor at The University of Georgia, USA, and a professor emeritus at Emory University, USA. Stefanie A. Wind is an assistant professor at The University of Alabama, USA.

"No author can match George Engelhard’s oeuvre in the use of Rasch models for rater-mediated performance assessments. This latest volume, with Stefanie Wind, draws on a broad background of measurement theory, philosophy and test standards to focus invariant measurement – the crucial next step in measurement practice. This will be my go-to reference text." - Trevor G. Bond, James Cook University, Australia "This is an accessible and comprehensive treatment on the use of ratings for measurement purposes. The authors are trusted sources who are active in the field and that practical knowledge and experience shows in their writing." – Jonathan Templin, University of Kansas, USA

• Preface. I. Introduction 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Progress in the Social Sciences: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective II. Theories of Measurement and Judgment for Rating Scales 3. Measurement Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments: A Tale of Two Research Traditions 4. Lens Models of Human Judgment for Rater-Mediated Assessments III. Foundational Areas for Rating Scales 5. Validity, Invariant Measurement, and Rater-Mediated Assessments 6. Reliability, Precision, and Errors of Measurement for Ratings 7. Fairness in Rater-Mediated Assessment: Appropriate Interpretation and Use of Ratings 8. Case Study: Evidence for the Validity, Reliability, and Fairness of Ratings on a Middle Grades Writing Assessment IV. Technical Issues and IRT Models for Ratings 9. Models for Ratings Based on Item Response Theory 10. Parameter Estimation for the Polytomous Rasch Model V. Practical Issues 11. Model-Data Fit for Polytomous Rating-Scale Models 12. Designing Rater-Mediated Assessment Systems 13. Examining Rating Scale Functioning VI. Final Word 14. Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Summary and Discussion

George Engelhard, Jr. is a professor at The University of Georgia, USA, and a professor emeritus at Emory University, USA. Stefanie A. Wind is an assistant professor at The University of Alabama, USA.

"No author can match George Engelhard’s oeuvre in the use of Rasch models for rater-mediated performance assessments. This latest volume, with Stefanie Wind, draws on a broad background of measurement theory, philosophy and test standards to focus invariant measurement – the crucial next step in measurement practice. This will be my go-to reference text." - Trevor G. Bond, James Cook University, Australia "This is an accessible and comprehensive treatment on the use of ratings for measurement purposes. The authors are trusted sources who are active in the field and that practical knowledge and experience shows in their writing." – Jonathan Templin, University of Kansas, USA

• Preface. I. Introduction 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Progress in the Social Sciences: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective II. Theories of Measurement and Judgment for Rating Scales 3. Measurement Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments: A Tale of Two Research Traditions 4. Lens Models of Human Judgment for Rater-Mediated Assessments III. Foundational Areas for Rating Scales 5. Validity, Invariant Measurement, and Rater-Mediated Assessments 6. Reliability, Precision, and Errors of Measurement for Ratings 7. Fairness in Rater-Mediated Assessment: Appropriate Interpretation and Use of Ratings 8. Case Study: Evidence for the Validity, Reliability, and Fairness of Ratings on a Middle Grades Writing Assessment IV. Technical Issues and IRT Models for Ratings 9. Models for Ratings Based on Item Response Theory 10. Parameter Estimation for the Polytomous Rasch Model V. Practical Issues 11. Model-Data Fit for Polytomous Rating-Scale Models 12. Designing Rater-Mediated Assessment Systems 13. Examining Rating Scale Functioning VI. Final Word 14. Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Summary and Discussion