NORBERT ELIAS (1897-1990) was one of the greatest sociologists of the twentieth century. He studied in Breslau and Heidelberg and served as Karl Mannheim's assistant in Frankfurt. In exile after 1933, first in France and then in Britain, he wrote his magnum opus The Civilizing Process. At its ill-timed publication in 1939, it received little note. Only after his formal retirement in 1962 was the book reissued in German and translated into many other languages. That, and a flood of other books and essays, made him an international intellectual celebrity towards the end of his long life. His whole oeuvre is now appearing in new scholarly editions in the Collected Works in English. RICHARD KILMINSTER is an Honorary Research Fellow in Sociology at the University of Leeds.

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• Norbert Elias (1897-1990); Note on the text; Introduction; Towards a comprehensive understanding of human beings: reconfiguring sociology, evolutionary biology and philosophy; Languages as learned sound patterns and symbols as the 'fifth dimension'; 'Symbol emancipation' as an evolutionary breakthrough; The high survival value of communication by learned sound-symbols; To speak, to think, to know: the sociogenesis and psychogenesis of reality-congruent symbols; Human society as a level of nature: beyond idealism and materialism; From 'truth' to reality congruence: beyond traditional philosophical theories of knowledge; Concept-formation in the 'five-dimensional' human world: beyond abstraction explanations; The distant past and the long future: reality-congruent knowledge and human survival; Appendix: Previously unpublished passages in Elias's Introduction; Textual variants; Bibliography; Index.