The circularity of paper and paperboard value chains is implemented principally thanks to the link between the design and production on the one hand and the use and end-of-life management on the other. As paper products become more complex and have to fulfil more functions, it is important that designers and producers of paper-based products are aware of the paper recycling process and contribute to high rates of and high-quality recovered paper allowing paper products to stay in the material loop. Various initiatives have been put in place in the pulp and paper value chain to ensure this objective and increase the circularity of paper-based products. However, the high rate of recycling is an achievement distinct from the pulp and paper industry among forest-based industries. The study describes the complexity of the pulp and paper industry with its different stages of raw material use, pulp and papermaking production processes and, finally, the trend to create higher-value products from side stream utilization. The study also gives the general industry context by describing an overall trend from a resource-intensive industry to one that has reduced its resource consumption, including through increased recycling rates over the last few years and the attention given to the optimization of water use and energy consumption. The design for the end-of-life valorization is equally important for all industries in the forest sector to successfully embrace circularity. However, in the pulp and paper industry, this important aspect of circularity has been realized as the high level of recycling is a prominent industry-wide feature. For this reason, this study places a particular focus on circular design and its interlinkages with the high level of paper recycling.
