Sarah Carter – författare

Agriculture on Plains Indian reserves is generally thought to have failed because the Indigenous people lacked either an interest in farming or an aptitude for it. In Lost Harvests Sarah Carter reveals that reserve residents were anxious to farm and expended considerable effort on cultivation; government policies, more than anything else, acted to undermine their success. Despite repeated requests for assistance from Plains Indians, the Canadian government provided very little help between 1874 and 1885, and what little they did give proved useless. Although drought, frost, and other natural phenomena contributed to the failure of early efforts, reserve farmers were determined to create an economy based on agriculture and to become independent of government regulations and the need for assistance. Officials in Ottawa, however, attributed setbacks not to economic or climatic conditions but to the Indians' character and traditions which, they claimed, made the Indians unsuited to agriculture. In the decade following 1885 government policies made farming virtually impossible for the Plains Indians. They were expected to subsist on one or two acres and were denied access to any improvements in technology: farmers had to sow seed by hand, harvest with scythes, and thresh with flails. After the turn of the century, the government encouraged land surrenders in order to make good agricultural land available to non-Indian settlers. This destroyed any chance the Plains Indians had of making agriculture a stable economic base. Through an examination of the relevant published literature and of archival sources in Ottawa, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, Carter provides an in-depth study of government policy, Indian responses, and the socio-economic condition of the reserve communities on the prairies in the post-treaty era. The new introduction by the author offers a reflection on Lost Harvests, the influences that shaped it, and the issues and approaches that remain to be explored.

Agriculture on Plains Indian reserves is generally thought to have failed because the Indigenous people lacked either an interest in farming or an aptitude for it. In Lost Harvests Sarah Carter reveals that reserve residents were anxious to farm and expended considerable effort on cultivation; government policies, more than anything else, acted to undermine their success. Despite repeated requests for assistance from Plains Indians, the Canadian government provided very little help between 1874 and 1885, and what little they did give proved useless. Although drought, frost, and other natural phenomena contributed to the failure of early efforts, reserve farmers were determined to create an economy based on agriculture and to become independent of government regulations and the need for assistance. Officials in Ottawa, however, attributed setbacks not to economic or climatic conditions but to the Indians'' character and traditions which, they claimed, made the Indians unsuited to agriculture. In the decade following 1885 government policies made farming virtually impossible for the Plains Indians. They were expected to subsist on one or two acres and were denied access to any improvements in technology: farmers had to sow seed by hand, harvest with scythes, and thresh with flails. After the turn of the century, the government encouraged land surrenders in order to make good agricultural land available to non-Indian settlers. This destroyed any chance the Plains Indians had of making agriculture a stable economic base. Through an examination of the relevant published literature and of archival sources in Ottawa, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, Carter provides an in-depth study of government policy, Indian responses, and the socio-economic condition of the reserve communities on the prairies in the post-treaty era. The new introduction by the author offers a reflection on Lost Harvests, the influences that shaped it, and the issues and approaches that remain to be explored.

Many of Canada's most famous suffragists – from Nellie McClung and Cora Hind to Emily Murphy and Henrietta Muir Edwards – lived and campaigned in the Prairie provinces, the region that led the way in granting women the right to vote and hold office.In Ours by Every Law of Right and Justice, award-winning author Sarah Carter challenges the myth that grateful male legislators simply handed western settler women the vote in recognition that they were equal partners in the pioneering process. Suffragists worked long and hard to overcome obstacles, persuade doubters, and build allies. But their work also had a dark side. Even as settler suffragists pressured legislatures to grant their sisters the vote, they often approved of that same right being denied to "foreigners" and Indigenous men and women.By situating the suffragists' struggle in the colonial history of Prairie Canada, this powerful and passionate book shows that the right to vote meant different things to different people – political rights and emancipation for some, domination and democracy denied for others.

Many of Canada's most famous suffragists – from Nellie McClung and Cora Hind to Emily Murphy and Henrietta Muir Edwards – lived and campaigned in the Prairie provinces, the region that led the way in granting women the right to vote and hold office.In Ours by Every Law of Right and Justice, award-winning author Sarah Carter challenges the myth that grateful male legislators simply handed western settler women the vote in recognition that they were equal partners in the pioneering process. Suffragists worked long and hard to overcome obstacles, persuade doubters, and build allies. But their work also had a dark side. Even as settler suffragists pressured legislatures to grant their sisters the vote, they often approved of that same right being denied to "foreigners" and Indigenous men and women.By situating the suffragists' struggle in the colonial history of Prairie Canada, this powerful and passionate book shows that the right to vote meant different things to different people – political rights and emancipation for some, domination and democracy denied for others.

The history of Canada's Aboriginal peoples after European contact is a hotly debated area of study. In Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900, Sarah Carter looks at the cultural, political, and economic issues of this contested history, focusing on the western interior, or what would later become Canada's prairie provinces.This wide-ranging survey draws on the wealth of interdisciplinary scholarship of the last three decades. Topics include the impact of European diseases, changing interpretations of fur trade interaction, the Red River settlement as a cultural crossroad, missionaries, treaties, the disappearance of the buffalo, the myths about the Mounties, Canadian 'Indian' policy, and the policies of Aboriginal peoples towards Canada.Carter focuses on the multiplicity of perspectives that exist on past events. Referring to nearly all of the current scholarship in the field, she presents opposing versions on every major topic, often linking these debates to contemporary issues. The result is a sensitive treatment of history as an interpretive exercise, making this an invaluable text for students as well as all those interested in Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal relations.

Sarah Carter provides a detailed description of marriage as a diverse social institution in nineteenth-century Western Canada, and the subsequent ascendancy of Christian, lifelong, heterosexual, monogamous marriage as an instrument to implement dominant British-Canadian values. It took work to impose the monogamous model of marriage as the region was home to a varied population of Aboriginal people and newcomers such as the Mormons, each of whom had their own definitions of marriage, including polygamy and flexible attitudes toward divorce. The work concludes with an explanation of the negative social consequences for women, particularly Aboriginal women, that arose as a result of the imposition of monogamous marriage. "Of an immense amount of new and pathbreaking research on Native people over the past 20 years, this work stands out." -Sidney L. Harring, Professor of Law at City University of New York and author of White Man's Law: Native People in Nineteenth-Century Canadian Jurisprudence

Twins and Duality in Early Modern Representation investigates the complex and paradoxical discourse surrounding concepts of twinship in texts written in the early modern period, where twins were considered both miraculous and uncanny.This book explores midwifery manuals, physicians' texts, and pamphlets, as well as drama, poetry, creative prose, and ballads, and traces how both cultural beliefs and medical practice affect the depiction of twins in literary representation. Beliefs concerning the conception of twins also bring into consideration contemporary gender politics, with notions like superfetation revealing anxiety surrounding women's rumoured sexual incontinence, biological mystery, and fidelity, and thereby material issues of inheritance. This innovative research is central to providing an analysis of the intellectual and popular conceptions centred on twins in the period and argues that discourses of twinship are ultimately utilised to interrogate dominant cultural concerns, including identity, selfhood, sexuality, legal rights, and gender politics.Bringing important insight into early modern literature and culture, this book will be invaluable for students and scholars in the fields of early modern literary studies, gender, history of obstetrics, medical humanities, and classical reception.

Twins and Duality in Early Modern Representation investigates the complex and paradoxical discourse surrounding concepts of twinship in texts written in the early modern period, where twins were considered both miraculous and uncanny.This book explores midwifery manuals, physicians' texts, and pamphlets, as well as drama, poetry, creative prose, and ballads, and traces how both cultural beliefs and medical practice affect the depiction of twins in literary representation. Beliefs concerning the conception of twins also bring into consideration contemporary gender politics, with notions like superfetation revealing anxiety surrounding women's rumoured sexual incontinence, biological mystery, and fidelity, and thereby material issues of inheritance. This innovative research is central to providing an analysis of the intellectual and popular conceptions centred on twins in the period and argues that discourses of twinship are ultimately utilised to interrogate dominant cultural concerns, including identity, selfhood, sexuality, legal rights, and gender politics.Bringing important insight into early modern literature and culture, this book will be invaluable for students and scholars in the fields of early modern literary studies, gender, history of obstetrics, medical humanities, and classical reception.

Twins and Duality in Early Modern Representation investigates the complex and paradoxical discourse surrounding concepts of twinship in texts written in the early modern period, where twins were considered both miraculous and uncanny.This book explores midwifery manuals, physicians’ texts, and pamphlets, as well as drama, poetry, creative prose, and ballads, and traces how both cultural beliefs and medical practice affect the depiction of twins in literary representation. Beliefs concerning the conception of twins also bring into consideration contemporary gender politics, with notions like superfetation revealing anxiety surrounding women’s rumoured sexual incontinence, biological mystery, and fidelity, and thereby material issues of inheritance. This innovative research is central to providing an analysis of the intellectual and popular conceptions centred on twins in the period and argues that discourses of twinship are ultimately utilised to interrogate dominant cultural concerns, including identity, selfhood, sexuality, legal rights, and gender politics.Bringing important insight into early modern literature and culture, this book will be invaluable for students and scholars in the fields of early modern literary studies, gender, history of obstetrics, medical humanities, and classical reception.

Twins and Duality in Early Modern Representation investigates the complex and paradoxical discourse surrounding concepts of twinship in texts written in the early modern period, where twins were considered both miraculous and uncanny.This book explores midwifery manuals, physicians’ texts, and pamphlets, as well as drama, poetry, creative prose, and ballads, and traces how both cultural beliefs and medical practice affect the depiction of twins in literary representation. Beliefs concerning the conception of twins also bring into consideration contemporary gender politics, with notions like superfetation revealing anxiety surrounding women’s rumoured sexual incontinence, biological mystery, and fidelity, and thereby material issues of inheritance. This innovative research is central to providing an analysis of the intellectual and popular conceptions centred on twins in the period and argues that discourses of twinship are ultimately utilised to interrogate dominant cultural concerns, including identity, selfhood, sexuality, legal rights, and gender politics.Bringing important insight into early modern literature and culture, this book will be invaluable for students and scholars in the fields of early modern literary studies, gender, history of obstetrics, medical humanities, and classical reception.

The history of Canada's Aboriginal peoples after European contact is a hotly debated area of study. In Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900, Sarah Carter looks at the cultural, political, and economic issues of this contested history, focusing on the western interior, or what would later become Canada's prairie provinces.This wide-ranging survey draws on the wealth of interdisciplinary scholarship of the last three decades. Topics include the impact of European diseases, changing interpretations of fur trade interaction, the Red River settlement as a cultural crossroad, missionaries, treaties, the disappearance of the buffalo, the myths about the Mounties, Canadian 'Indian' policy, and the policies of Aboriginal peoples towards Canada.Carter focuses on the multiplicity of perspectives that exist on past events. Referring to nearly all of the current scholarship in the field, she presents opposing versions on every major topic, often linking these debates to contemporary issues. The result is a sensitive treatment of history as an interpretive exercise, making this an invaluable text for students as well as all those interested in Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal relations.

The history of Canada's Aboriginal peoples after European contact is a hotly debated area of study. In Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900, Sarah Carter looks at the cultural, political, and economic issues of this contested history, focusing on the western interior, or what would later become Canada's prairie provinces.This wide-ranging survey draws on the wealth of interdisciplinary scholarship of the last three decades. Topics include the impact of European diseases, changing interpretations of fur trade interaction, the Red River settlement as a cultural crossroad, missionaries, treaties, the disappearance of the buffalo, the myths about the Mounties, Canadian 'Indian' policy, and the policies of Aboriginal peoples towards Canada.Carter focuses on the multiplicity of perspectives that exist on past events. Referring to nearly all of the current scholarship in the field, she presents opposing versions on every major topic, often linking these debates to contemporary issues. The result is a sensitive treatment of history as an interpretive exercise, making this an invaluable text for students as well as all those interested in Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal relations.

Mistress of everything examines how indigenous people across Britain's settler colonies engaged with Queen Victoria in their lives and predicaments, incorporated her into their political repertoires, and implicated her as they sought redress for the effects of imperial expansion during her long reign. It draws together empirically rich studies from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Southern Africa, to provide scope for comparative and transnational analysis. The book includes chapters on a Maori visit to Queen Victoria in 1863, meetings between African leaders and the Queen's son Prince Alfred in 1860, gift-giving in the Queen's name on colonial frontiers in Canada and Australia, and Maori women's references to Queen Victoria in support of their own chiefly status and rights. The collection offers an innovative approach to interpreting and including indigenous perspectives within broader histories of British imperialism and settler colonialism.

The traditional mythology of the West is dominated by male images: the fur trader, the Mountie, the missionary, the miner, the cowboy, the politician, the Chief. Unsettled Pasts claims to re-examine the West through women's eyes. It draws together contributions from researchers, scholars, and academic and community activists, and seeks to create dialogue across geographic, cultural, and disciplinary boundaries.Ranging from scholarly essays to poetry, these pieces offer the reader a sample of some of today's most innovative approaches to western Canadian women's history; several of the themes that run throughout the volume have only recently been critically addressed. By rewriting the West from the perspective of women, the contributors complicate traditional narratives of the region's past by contesting historical generalizations, thus transcending the myths and ""frontier"" legacies that emerged out of imperial and masculine priorities and perspectives.

Mistress of everything examines how indigenous people across Britain's settler colonies engaged with Queen Victoria in their lives and predicaments, incorporated her into their political repertoires, and implicated her as they sought redress for the effects of imperial expansion during her long reign. It draws together empirically rich studies from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Southern Africa, to provide scope for comparative and transnational analysis. The book includes chapters on a Maori visit to Queen Victoria in 1863, meetings between African leaders and the Queen's son Prince Alfred in 1860, gift-giving in the Queen's name on colonial frontiers in Canada and Australia, and Maori women's references to Queen Victoria in support of their own chiefly status and rights. The collection offers an innovative approach to interpreting and including indigenous perspectives within broader histories of British imperialism and settler colonialism.

The West and Beyond evaluates and appraises the state ofWestern Canadian history, acknowledging and assessing the contributionsof historians of the past and present while showcasing the researchinterests of a new generation of scholars. It charts new directions forthe future and stimulates further interrogations of our past.This collection encourages dialogue among the generations ofhistorians of the West and among practitioners of diverse approaches tothe past. It also reflects a broad range of disciplinary andprofessional boundaries, suggesting a number of different ways tounderstand the west.

Recollecting is a rich collection of essays that illuminates the lives of late-eighteenth-century to mid-twentieth-century Aboriginal women, who have been overlooked in sweeping narratives of the history of the West.Some essays focus on individuals – a trader, a performer, a non-human woman. Other essays examine cohorts of women – wives, midwives, seamstresses, nuns. Authors look beyond the documentary record and standard representations of women, drawing on records generated by the women themselves, including their beadwork, other material culture, and oral histories. Exploring the constraints and boundaries these women encountered, the authors engage with difficult and important questions of gender, race, and identity. Collectively these essays demonstrate the complexity of "contact zone" interactions, and they enrich and challenge dominant narratives about histories of the Canadian Northwest.

This book is an exploration of the viability of applying the post structuralist theory of intertextuality to early modern texts. It suggests that a return to a more theorised understanding of intertextuality, as that outlined by Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes, is more productive than an interpretation which merely identifies ‘source’ texts. The book analyses several key early modern texts through this lens, arguing that the period’s conscious focus on and prioritisation of the creative imitation of classical and contemporary European texts makes it a particularly fertile era for intertextual reading. This analysis includes discussion of early modern creative writers’ utilisation of classical mythology, allegory, folklore, parody, and satire, in works by William Shakespeare, Sir Francis Bacon, John Milton, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Christopher Marlowe, Francis Beaumont, and Ben Jonson, and foregrounds how meaning is created and conveyed by the interplay of texts and the movement between narrative systems. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students of early modern literature, as well as early modern scholars.

This book is an exploration of the viability of applying the post structuralist theory of intertextuality to early modern texts. It suggests that a return to a more theorised understanding of intertextuality, as that outlined by Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes, is more productive than an interpretation which merely identifies ‘source’ texts. The book analyses several key early modern texts through this lens, arguing that the period’s conscious focus on and prioritisation of the creative imitation of classical and contemporary European texts makes it a particularly fertile era for intertextual reading. This analysis includes discussion of early modern creative writers’ utilisation of classical mythology, allegory, folklore, parody, and satire, in works by William Shakespeare, Sir Francis Bacon, John Milton, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Christopher Marlowe, Francis Beaumont, and Ben Jonson, and foregrounds how meaning is created and conveyed by the interplay of texts and the movement between narrative systems. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students of early modern literature, as well as early modern scholars.