Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies – serie

This book presents in-depth information on the state of the art of global biodiesel production and investigates its impact on climate change. Subsequently, it comprehensively discusses biodiesel production in terms of production systems (reactor technologies) as well as biodiesel purification and upgrading technologies. Moreover, the book reviews essential parameters in biodiesel production systems as well as major principles of operation, process control, and trouble-shooting in these systems. Conventional and emerging applications of biodiesel by-products with a view to further economize biodiesel production are also scrutinized. Separate chapters are dedicated to economic risk analysis and critical comparison of biodiesel production systems as well as techno-economical aspects of biodiesel plants. The book also thoroughly investigates the important aspects of biodiesel production and combustion by taking advantage of advanced sustainability analysis tools including life cycle assessment (LCA) and exergy techniques. In closing, the application of Omics technologies in biodiesel production is presented and discussed. This book is relevant to anyone with an interest in renewable, more sustainable fuel and energy solutions.

This volume focuses on technological advances relevant to establishing biofuels as a viable alternative to fossil fuels by overcoming current limitations. The progressive depletion of fossil fuels due to their large-scale utilization and their environmental consequences, notably global warming, increase the need for sustainable and cleaner energy options. Renewable biofuels – like biohydrogen, biomethane, biogas, ethanol and butenol – represent attractive energy sources to meet the growing global demand, thanks to sustainable and cost-efficient production approaches based on cellulosic biomass. Currently, the commercialization of these technologies is hindered by technical and economic limitations, such as biomass complexity and pre-treatment, enzyme hydrolysis, production efficiency as well as storage and cost. As such, this book presents economically viable and sustainable approaches to improve existing biofuel technologies and appeals to anyone with an interest in biofuelsas renewable energy options and their practical implementation.

This book presents the state of the art in biogas production using anaerobic digestion technology, with an emphasis on waste utilization/valorization. Offering a comprehensive reference guide to biogas production from different waste streams, it covers various aspects of anaerobic digestion technology from the basics, i.e., microbiological aspects to prominent parameters governing biogas production systems, as well as major principles of their operation, analysis, process control, and troubleshooting. Written and edited by internationally recognized experts in the field of biogas production from both academia and industry, it provides in-depth and cutting-edge information on central developments in the field. In addition, it discusses and reviews major issues affecting biogas production, including the type of feedstock, pretreatment techniques, production systems, design and fabrication of biogas plants, as well as biogas purification and upgrading technologies. ‘Biogas: Fundamentals, Process, and Operation’ also addresses the application of advanced environmental and energy evaluation tools including life cycle assessment (LCA), exergy, techno-economics, and modeling techniques. This book is intended for all researchers, practitioners and students who are interested in the current trends and future prospects of biogas production technologies.

This book focuses on the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the production of biofuels. It describes the current production technologies for different biofuels and their limitations for commercialization, and discusses in detail how nanomaterials could reduce biofuel production costs. After an introduction to biofuels, the book examines biofuels economics and policy; biofuel production processes – advances and limitations; nanotechnology and its energy applications; nanotechnology in biohydrogen production – for cellulases, in algal fuel, and in bioethanol/biobutanol and biodiesel production. It is a valuable resource for researchers and engineers.

This book highlights the current limitations of biogas production and yield and new avenues to improving them. Biogas production and yield are among the most important renewable energy targets for our world. Pursuing an innovative and biotechnological approach, the book presents alternative sources for biogas production and explores a broad range of aspects, including: pre-treatment of substrates, accelerators (enzyme-mediated) and inhibitors involved in the process of obtaining biogas and its yield, design specifications for digesters/modified digesters, managing biogas plants, microbial risk and slurry management, energy balance and positive climatic impacts of the biogas production chain, and the impacts on Human, Animal and Environmental Health (“One Health” concept for the biogas chain).

This book discusses various renewable energy resources and technologies. Topics covered include recent advances in photobioreactor design; microalgal biomass harvesting, drying, and processing; and technological advances and optimised production systems as prerequisites for achieving a positive energy balance. It highlights alternative resources that can be used to replace fossil fuels, such as algal biofuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen. Further, it reviews microbial technologies, discusses an immobilization method, and highlights the efficiency of enzymes as a key factor in biofuel production. In closing, the book outlines future research directions to increase oil yields in microalgae, which could create new opportunities for lipid-based biofuels, and provides an outlook on the future of global biofuel production. Given its scope, the book will appeal to all researchers and engineers working in the renewable energy sector.

This book focuses on the different kinds of biofuels and biofuel resources. Biofuels represent a major type of renewable energy. As part of a larger bio-economy, they are closely linked to agriculture, forestry and manufacturing. Biofuels have the potential to improve regional energy access, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to climate protection. Further, this alternative form of energy could revitalize the forestry and agricultural sector and promote the increased use of renewable resources as raw materials in a range of industrial processes. Efforts are continuously being made to develop economically competitive biofuels, and microbes play important roles in the production of biofuels from various bioresources. This book elaborates on recent advances in existing microbial technologies and on sustainable approaches to improving biofuel production processes. Additionally, it examines trends in, and the limitations of, existing processes and technologies. The book offers a comprehensive overview of microbial bioresources, microbial technologies, advances in bioconversion and biorefineries, as well as microbial and metabolic engineering for efficient biofuel production. Readers will also learn about the environmental impacts and the influence of climate change on the sustainability of biofuel production. This book is intended for researchers and students whose work involves biorefinery technologies, microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental biology and related fields.

This book focuses on the different kinds of biofuels and biofuel resources. Biofuels represent a major type of renewable energy. As part of a larger bio-economy, they are closely linked to agriculture, forestry and manufacturing. Biofuels have the potential to improve regional energy access, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to climate protection. Further, this alternative form of energy could revitalize the forestry and agricultural sector and promote the increased use of renewable resources as raw materials in a range of industrial processes. Efforts are continuously being made to develop economically competitive biofuels, and microbes play important roles in the production of biofuels from various bioresources. This book elaborates on recent advances in existing microbial technologies and on sustainable approaches to improving biofuel production processes. Additionally, it examines trends in, and the limitations of, existing processes and technologies. The book offers a comprehensive overview of microbial bioresources, microbial technologies, advances in bioconversion and biorefineries, as well as microbial and metabolic engineering for efficient biofuel production. Readers will also learn about the environmental impacts and the influence of climate change on the sustainability of biofuel production. This book is intended for researchers and students whose work involves biorefinery technologies, microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental biology and related fields.

This book covers the present and future of bioethanol biorefinery technologies. It discusses the efficient use of feedstock in bioethanol production, and critically reviews the environmental sustainability of bioethanol production. In addition, it describes the integrated production of bioelectricity, biopolymers, organic acids, and other biomolecules, as well as the use of process-related liquid and solid byproducts and/or wastes during bioethanol generation.Since the bioethanol industry has also led the automotive industry to explore new avenues, this book summarizes the various aspects of ethanol motorization, hybrid engine development, and biofuel electrification. For decades, clean and renewable alternatives have been sought to reduce dependence on petroleum-based fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Bioethanol appears as one of the best solutions for the production of biofuels, bioenergy and biochemicals, along with the establishmentof new biorefinery concepts and a circular bioeconomy. Therefore, the ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.This book is a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies, both in academia- and commercial laboratories. Early career scientists can use it to fast track into the field. Advanced scientists will find it helpful to gain a broader overview of the field beyond their area of specialization.

This book covers the present and future of bioethanol biorefinery technologies. It discusses the efficient use of feedstock in bioethanol production, and critically reviews the environmental sustainability of bioethanol production. In addition, it describes the integrated production of bioelectricity, biopolymers, organic acids, and other biomolecules, as well as the use of process-related liquid and solid byproducts and/or wastes during bioethanol generation.Since the bioethanol industry has also led the automotive industry to explore new avenues, this book summarizes the various aspects of ethanol motorization, hybrid engine development, and biofuel electrification. For decades, clean and renewable alternatives have been sought to reduce dependence on petroleum-based fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Bioethanol appears as one of the best solutions for the production of biofuels, bioenergy and biochemicals, along with the establishmentof new biorefinery concepts and a circular bioeconomy. Therefore, the ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.This book is a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies, both in academia- and commercial laboratories. Early career scientists can use it to fast track into the field. Advanced scientists will find it helpful to gain a broader overview of the field beyond their area of specialization.

This book presents an introduction to biohydrogen production and the recent advances and developments of the cleanest biofuel produced from bioresources.Biohydrogen has the highest energy content relative to weight and burns cleanly – generating just water. It is the best choice for fuel cells, where it generates electricity directly, in its reaction with oxygen. Biohydrogen occurs naturally as part of digestive gases from mammals and can be produced in specially designed anaerobic biodigesters, or through photocatalysis with microalgae. The gas is also easy to purify and use. The economic production of biohydrogen is still full of challenges: From the efficient and rapid conversion of the substrate to storage, transportation, and safe use, there are several aspects that need to be developed.Research in this field is addressing the issue of efficient large-scale production from several directions: Substrate pretreatment to enhance digestibility, metabolic networks analysis, microbial diversity and succession to highlight constraints in production, bioreactor, and downstream design to improve throughput and reduce costs, to name a few.The ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.The book is written for researchers and students interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies.

This book presents an introduction to biohydrogen production and the recent advances and developments of the cleanest biofuel produced from bioresources.Biohydrogen has the highest energy content relative to weight and burns cleanly – generating just water. It is the best choice for fuel cells, where it generates electricity directly, in its reaction with oxygen. Biohydrogen occurs naturally as part of digestive gases from mammals and can be produced in specially designed anaerobic biodigesters, or through photocatalysis with microalgae. The gas is also easy to purify and use. The economic production of biohydrogen is still full of challenges: From the efficient and rapid conversion of the substrate to storage, transportation, and safe use, there are several aspects that need to be developed.Research in this field is addressing the issue of efficient large-scale production from several directions: Substrate pretreatment to enhance digestibility, metabolic networks analysis, microbial diversity and succession to highlight constraints in production, bioreactor, and downstream design to improve throughput and reduce costs, to name a few.The ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.The book is written for researchers and students interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies.

The Microbiology of the Drop-in Biofuel Production is a comprehensive resource that provides basic and applied knowledge, technologies, and regulations of current drop-in biofuel production. This book focuses on liquid drop-in biofuel produced trough biochemical process and all the important aspect like renewable substrates, biochemical routes, genetic modifications, technology innovations, regulation, commercialization as well as the future perspectives to be implemented. Starting with an introductory chapter about the conventional methods to produce drop-in biofuels, the book will guide the reader into the specific biochemical processes for its production, covering aspect like renewable feedstocks, microorganism, classification, and the circular economy around all the production process.This book provides a detailed overview about the microbiology, regulation and commercialization aspects of drop-in biofuel production and is essential for researchers, students, and professors working in the bioenergy area.

The Microbiology of the Drop-in Biofuel Production is a comprehensive resource that provides basic and applied knowledge, technologies, and regulations of current drop-in biofuel production. This book focuses on liquid drop-in biofuel produced trough biochemical process and all the important aspect like renewable substrates, biochemical routes, genetic modifications, technology innovations, regulation, commercialization as well as the future perspectives to be implemented. Starting with an introductory chapter about the conventional methods to produce drop-in biofuels, the book will guide the reader into the specific biochemical processes for its production, covering aspect like renewable feedstocks, microorganism, classification, and the circular economy around all the production process.This book provides a detailed overview about the microbiology, regulation and commercialization aspects of drop-in biofuel production and is essential for researchers, students, and professors working in the bioenergy area.

Biorefineries are increasingly important in providing sustainable routes to the oil industry. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of biocrude biorefinery to convert biocrude into environmentally friendly fuels and high-value-added products.It begins by discussing the biorefinery concept with its fundamentals and biocrude biorefinery as a sustainable solution for bioenergy and the green economy, explaining the chemistry and reaction mechanism behind biocrude production and analysing the different feedstocks, including lignocellulosic biomass, for biocrude production, recent developments and associated challenges.The second part focuses on waste oils and liquid wastes for sustainable biocrude oil production in a biorefinery approach, as well as on 3rd generation of biorefinery feedstocks (algal biomass) as emerging feedstock for biocrude oil production and high-value products in biorefineries and biocrude oil derived from municipal and industrial organic wastes in the framework of a waste biorefinery concept. Furthermore, bio-oil constitutes a promising energy source for future hydrogen production as well as for the catalytic conversion of crude bio-oil into environmentally friendly transport fuels. The physicochemical and analytical techniques used for the analysis of crude bio-oil with fuel properties and international standards, as well as microbial production and its future applications are also covered.This book will be of great interest to practitioners, graduate students, researchers and policymakers involved in crude bio-oil biorefineries for sustainable development. This book also explores the relationship between biofuels and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7. Furthermore, the book lays a solid foundation for the establishment of crude bio-oil-based biorefineries and thus contributes to a sustainable, cleaner, greener and livable blue planet for the next generations. Crude bio-oil is likely to be the "green gold" of the biorefinery of the future and this book will be a milestone for biorefineries.

Biorefineries are increasingly important in providing sustainable routes to the oil industry. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of biocrude biorefinery to convert biocrude into environmentally friendly fuels and high-value-added products.It begins by discussing the biorefinery concept with its fundamentals and biocrude biorefinery as a sustainable solution for bioenergy and the green economy, explaining the chemistry and reaction mechanism behind biocrude production and analysing the different feedstocks, including lignocellulosic biomass, for biocrude production, recent developments and associated challenges.The second part focuses on waste oils and liquid wastes for sustainable biocrude oil production in a biorefinery approach, as well as on 3rd generation of biorefinery feedstocks (algal biomass) as emerging feedstock for biocrude oil production and high-value products in biorefineries and biocrude oil derived from municipal and industrial organic wastes in the framework of a waste biorefinery concept. Furthermore, bio-oil constitutes a promising energy source for future hydrogen production as well as for the catalytic conversion of crude bio-oil into environmentally friendly transport fuels. The physicochemical and analytical techniques used for the analysis of crude bio-oil with fuel properties and international standards, as well as microbial production and its future applications are also covered.This book will be of great interest to practitioners, graduate students, researchers and policymakers involved in crude bio-oil biorefineries for sustainable development. This book also explores the relationship between biofuels and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7. Furthermore, the book lays a solid foundation for the establishment of crude bio-oil-based biorefineries and thus contributes to a sustainable, cleaner, greener and livable blue planet for the next generations. Crude bio-oil is likely to be the "green gold" of the biorefinery of the future and this book will be a milestone for biorefineries.

"Enzymes Applied in Biofuels Production: New Technologies and Innovation" is a comprehensive exploration of the cutting-edge role enzymes play in the evolving biofuels industry. This book opens with an insightful overview of the global energy crisis and the urgent need for renewable energy [SS1] sources, setting the stage for the crucial role of biofuels in achieving sustainable energy solutions. The book is organized in three parts:Part I provides a foundational understanding of enzymes, detailing their biological functions, mechanisms of action, and specificity. The book highlights the primary enzymes utilized in biofuel production, such as cellulases, hemicellulases, amylases, ligninolytic enzymes and lipases, and their natural sources from microorganisms to plants. It emphasizes the importance of these enzymes in breaking down biomass into fermentable sugars, crucial for producing bioethanol and biodiesel.Part II  is dedicated to innovative technologies in enzyme engineering and production. It covers advancements in genetic engineering, protein engineering, and enzyme immobilization and nanotechnology techniques that have enhanced the efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness of enzymes in industrial biofuel applications. The integration of these technologies into biorefineries and the challenges associated with scaling up production processes are thoroughly examined.Part III delves into the market dynamics of biofuels, analyzing current market trends, economic viability, and policy frameworks that influence the adoption of enzymatic biofuel production. It discusses the competitive landscape, highlighting key players and emerging startups driving innovation in the field.This book is an invaluable resource for researchers, industry professionals, policymakers, and students, offering a blend of scientific knowledge, practical insights, and market analysis to foster innovation and growth in the biofuels sector.

This volume presents an overview on the different types of biomass that can be used for the production on biofuels and a new generation of bioproducts.From foods to materials, and from biofuels to novel generation bioproducts, biomass is at the heart of the carbon cycle and at the base of human activities. All around the world, biomasses can be seen as an answer to the global problems caused by non-renewable energy sources. For each region, climate, and soil, there is a suitable type of biomass that can be produced as an energy crop. Food crops are also a source of residual biomass. The choice of the most appropriate crops as raw materials for traditional markets (food, nutrition and fiber) and emerging markets (energy, biomaterials, green chemistry) depends on technical and economic aspects, since the costs of raw materials represent a significant portion of product costs as well. Realizing the full potential of these biomasses depends also on a deep knowledge of their chemical properties and physical structure.The book starts with highlighting the importance of biomass for the world’s economy. It then explores the structure of the biomass of different feedstocks related to its main components: saccharides, starch or oil. The importance at the global economy-level, its productive chain and the generated residues at the industries that recover these primary products are also discussed. The next part of the book explores the structure and perspectives to the use of the three main components of the residual biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, as well as their structure and possible utilization.Recent advances of biomass pretreatment with the focus at biofuels production is also discussed, as well as the importance of the lignocellulosic biomass from the natural and planted forests.The book concludes by highlighting a number of applications where biomass is used to produce novel bioproducts.The book is of interest to researchers and professionals working in a field related to biomass or biofuel production, and to anyone interested in the latest developments in this area.

This volume provides the technical information required for the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. It starts with a brief overview of the importance, applications, and production processes of different lignocellulosic products. Further chapters review the perspectives of waste-based biofuels and biochemicals; the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production; cellulolytic enzyme systems for the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses; and basic and applied aspects of the production of bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, and biobutanol from lignocelluloses.This book is recommended for researchers and engineers and particularly students taking biofuel courses at graduate level.

This comprehensive book details the most recent advances in the microalgae biological sciences and engineering technologies for biomass and biofuel production in order to meet the ongoing need for new and affordable sources of food, chemicals and energy for future generations. The chapters explore new microalgae cultivation techniques, including solid (biofilm) systems, and heterotrophic production methods, while also critically investigating topics such as combining wastewater as a source of nutrients, the effect of CO2 on growth, and converting biomass to methane through anaerobic digestion. The book highlights innovative bioproduct optimization and molecular genetic techniques, applications of genomics and metabolomics, and the genetic engineering of microalgae strains targeting biocrude production. The latest developments in microalgae harvesting and dewatering technologies, which combine biomass production with electricity generation, are presented, along with detailed techno-economic modeling. This extensive volume was written by respected experts in their fields and is intended for a wide audience of researchers and engineers.

This comprehensive book details the most recent advances in the microalgae biological sciences and engineering technologies for biomass and biofuel production in order to meet the ongoing need for new and affordable sources of food, chemicals and energy for future generations. The chapters explore new microalgae cultivation techniques, including solid (biofilm) systems, and heterotrophic production methods, while also critically investigating topics such as combining wastewater as a source of nutrients, the effect of CO2 on growth, and converting biomass to methane through anaerobic digestion. The book highlights innovative bioproduct optimization and molecular genetic techniques, applications of genomics and metabolomics, and the genetic engineering of microalgae strains targeting biocrude production. The latest developments in microalgae harvesting and dewatering technologies, which combine biomass production with electricity generation, are presented, along with detailed techno-economic modeling. This extensive volume was written by respected experts in their fields and is intended for a wide audience of researchers and engineers.

This volume provides the technical information required for the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. It starts with a brief overview of the importance, applications, and production processes of different lignocellulosic products. Further chapters review the perspectives of waste-based biofuels and biochemicals; the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production; cellulolytic enzyme systems for the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses; and basic and applied aspects of the production of bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, and biobutanol from lignocelluloses.This book is recommended for researchers and engineers and particularly students taking biofuel courses at graduate level.

This volume summarizes our current knowledge on different biomass-converting enzymes and their potential use in converting biomass into simple sugar to generate bioenergy and other value added co-/by products. It consists of 13 chapters and is divided into three parts: cellulases; hemicellulases; and lignocellulose oxidoreductases. Written by international experts, the contributions offer clear and concise descriptions of both standard and new technologies. It is an invaluable reference resource for undergraduates, post-graduates, researchers and practitioners in the field of microbial enzymes for biofuel and biorefinery applications.

This volume focuses on the prospects of the conversion of biomass into biofuels including ethanol, butanol, biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel, syn-gas and other useful products. Biomass-derived fuels have gained tremendous attention worldwide. However, due to high raw material and processing costs, biofuels produced from lignocelluloses have been found to be more expensive than conventional fuels. Therefore, a concept of biorefining has been introduced, where more than one product or each and every component of biomass may be derived into useful products in a manner of petroleum refinery.

This book focuses on the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the production of biofuels. It describes the current production technologies for different biofuels and their limitations for commercialization, and discusses in detail how nanomaterials could reduce biofuel production costs. After an introduction to biofuels, the book examines biofuels economics and policy; biofuel production processes – advances and limitations; nanotechnology and its energy applications; nanotechnology in biohydrogen production – for cellulases, in algal fuel, and in bioethanol/biobutanol and biodiesel production. It is a valuable resource for researchers and engineers.

This book presents the state of the art in biogas production using anaerobic digestion technology, with an emphasis on waste utilization/valorization. Offering a comprehensive reference guide to biogas production from different waste streams, it covers various aspects of anaerobic digestion technology from the basics, i.e., microbiological aspects to prominent parameters governing biogas production systems, as well as major principles of their operation, analysis, process control, and troubleshooting. Written and edited by internationally recognized experts in the field of biogas production from both academia and industry, it provides in-depth and cutting-edge information on central developments in the field. In addition, it discusses and reviews major issues affecting biogas production, including the type of feedstock, pretreatment techniques, production systems, design and fabrication of biogas plants, as well as biogas purification and upgrading technologies. ‘Biogas: Fundamentals, Process, and Operation’ also addresses the application of advanced environmental and energy evaluation tools including life cycle assessment (LCA), exergy, techno-economics, and modeling techniques. This book is intended for all researchers, practitioners and students who are interested in the current trends and future prospects of biogas production technologies.

This volume summarizes our current knowledge on different biomass-converting enzymes and their potential use in converting biomass into simple sugar to generate bioenergy and other value added co-/by products. It consists of 13 chapters and is divided into three parts: cellulases; hemicellulases; and lignocellulose oxidoreductases. Written by international experts, the contributions offer clear and concise descriptions of both standard and new technologies. It is an invaluable reference resource for undergraduates, post-graduates, researchers and practitioners in the field of microbial enzymes for biofuel and biorefinery applications.

This volume focuses on the prospects of the conversion of biomass into biofuels including ethanol, butanol, biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel, syn-gas and other useful products. Biomass-derived fuels have gained tremendous attention worldwide. However, due to high raw material and processing costs, biofuels produced from lignocelluloses have been found to be more expensive than conventional fuels. Therefore, a concept of biorefining has been introduced, where more than one product or each and every component of biomass may be derived into useful products in a manner of petroleum refinery.