CIGRE Green Books – serie

This brochure offers numerical models of wind-induced aeolian vibrations and sub-span oscillations of the conductors. It highlights what can be expected from numerical models regarding conductor vibrations.Assessment of the aeolian vibration condition of particular lines, with conductors whose mechanical properties are poorly defined, or with special terrain conditions, may require field measurements;Analytical methods based on the EBP and shaker-based technology can provide a useful tool to design damping systems for the protection of single conductors against aeolian vibrationsThis work reports the state of the art for professionals regarding aeolian vibrations and subspan oscillations modelling.

This Green Book offers the outstanding expertise of CIGRE professionals about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in one concise handbook.  FACTS are used to enhance AC power networks, by providing fast control of power flows and AC voltage and AC phase angles. They can be used to defer the need for additional power lines, by controlling the power flow on lines to achieve maximum utilisation of the existing lines, and/or by improving the power quality, e.g. when large disturbing loads are connected to the network.  This Green Book on FACTS provides comprehensive information about  the use of Power Electronics for AC system control and for Power Quality Improvement in its over 1000 pages. This book has been written by experts in the field, who come from Transmission System Operators, Network owners, manufacturers, and consultants in this field. This Green Book on FACTS covers a large range of topics in its 6 sections, as follows: AC Systems Characteristics, AC network control using conventional means and AC network control using FACTS ControllersTechnical Descriptions of all current FACTS controllers, power electronic Topologies for FACTS, SVCs, STATCOM, TCSC and the UPFC and its variationsApplication Examples of all FACTS controllers, which include a description of controllers using saturation of iron as well as examples of all current FACTS controllersPlanning and Procurement, including economic appraisals and cost benefit analysis, planning studies, environmental considerations, functional specificationsImplementation of FACTS controllers, including integration and design studies, equipment design and testing and commissioningFACTS operation and lifetime management.

This CIGRE Green book on accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables covers relevant issues in cable system design, cable design, submarine cables including off shore generation connection. It provides comprehensive and unbiased information, essential recommendations and guidelines for design, installation, testing and maintenance of accessories to professionals through the exceptional expertise of the authors.This publication is divided in two Volumes covering land and submarine applications, HVAC and HVDC systems, transitions from lapped cable systems to extruded cable systems, from OHL to UG cables and from cables to substations. It equips the reader with recommendations for testing, installation, maintenance, remaining life management. This Volume is dedicated to Components while Volume 2 deals with Land and Submarine AC/DC Applications.The book compiles the results of the work achieved by several Working Groups and Task Forces of CIGRE Study Committee 21/B1, and Joint Working Groups and Joint Task Forces with other Study Committees. Many experts from Study Committees 21/B1 (Insulated Cables), 15/D1 (Materials and Emerging Test Techniques), 33/B3 (Substations), C3 (System Environmental Performance) and C4 (System Technical Performance) have participated in this work in the last 30 years in order to offer comprehensive, continuous and consistent outputs.

This book offers a vision of the future of electricity supply systems and CIGRE’s views on the know-how that will be needed to manage the transition toward them. A variety of factors are driving a transition of electricity supply systems to new supply models, in particular the increasing use of renewable sources, environmental factors and developments in ICT technologies. These factors suggest that there are two possible models for power network development, and that those models are not necessarily exclusive: 1. An increasing importance of large networks for bulk transmission capable of interconnecting load regions and large centralized renewable generation resources, including offshore and of providing more interconnections between the various countries and energy markets. 2. An emergence of clusters of small, largely self-contained distribution networks, which include decentralized local generation, energy storage and active customer participation, intelligently managed so that they operate as active networks providing local active and reactive support. The electricity supply systems of the future will likely include a combination of the above two models, since additional bulk connections and active distribution networks are needed in order to reach ambitious environmental, economic and security-reliability targets. This concise yet comprehensive reference resource on technological developments for future electrical systems has been written and reviewed by experts and the Chairs of the sixteen Study Committees that form the Technical Council of CIGRE.

This book offers a vision of the future of electricity supply systems and CIGRE’s views on the know-how that will be needed to manage the transition toward them. A variety of factors are driving a transition of electricity supply systems to new supply models, in particular the increasing use of renewable sources, environmental factors and developments in ICT technologies. These factors suggest that there are two possible models for power network development, and that those models are not necessarily exclusive: 1. An increasing importance of large networks for bulk transmission capable of interconnecting load regions and large centralized renewable generation resources, including offshore and of providing more interconnections between the various countries and energy markets. 2. An emergence of clusters of small, largely self-contained distribution networks, which include decentralized local generation, energy storage and active customer participation, intelligently managed so that they operate as active networks providing local active and reactive support. The electricity supply systems of the future will likely include a combination of the above two models, since additional bulk connections and active distribution networks are needed in order to reach ambitious environmental, economic and security-reliability targets. This concise yet comprehensive reference resource on technological developments for future electrical systems has been written and reviewed by experts and the Chairs of the sixteen Study Committees that form the Technical Council of CIGRE.

This CIGRE Green book on accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables covers relevant issues in cable system design, cable design, and submarine cables, including offshore generation connection. It provides comprehensive and unbiased information, essential recommendations and guidelines for design, installation, testing and maintenance of accessories to professionals through the exceptional expertise of the authors.The publication is divided in two volumes covering land and submarine applications, HVAC and HVDC systems, andtransitions from lapped cable systems to extruded cable systems, from OHL to UG cables and from cables to substations. It equips the reader with recommendations for testing, installation, maintenance, and remaining life management. This volume is dedicated to Land and Submarine AC/DC Applications while Volume 1 deals with Components.The book compiles the results of the work achieved by several Working Groups and Task Forces of CIGRE Study Committee 21/B1, and Joint Working Groups and Joint Task Forces with other Study Committees. Many experts from Study Committees 21/B1 (Insulated Cables), 15/D1 (Materials and Emerging Test Techniques), 33/B3 (Substations), C3 (System Environmental Performance), and C4 (System Technical Performance) have participated in this work in the last 30 years in order to offer comprehensive, continuous, and consistent outputs.

This Green Book provides those involved in transformer procurement with comprehensive guidance on industry best practice to avoid wrong decisions. Transformers are one of the expensive components in the power system, and also contribute a large proportion of the losses. Transformers also have long lives - more than 40 years in many cases. Making the wrong decisions during the procurement process can have serious and long-lasting consequences.

This CIGRE Green Book describes the state-of-the-art of power Systems asset management dealing with all aspects asset management practice. The major focus of the book is on documenting practical methods  that bridge the gap between just satisfying an asset management process and achieving real asset management results in the form of smarter investment decisions. The book facilitates collaboration and blending of the engineering and technical aspects of asset management and the financial considerations needed to support asset investment decisions using risk-based business case analysis. Detailed case studies are included to illustrate generic and specific or customized methods and to demonstrate the application of such methods from the technology perspectives of several CIGRE study committees.This practical guide is suitable for working asset managers and decision-makers (both engineering and financial) dealing with all aspects of the practice of asset management.

This book offers a comprehensive review of the various options for improving the performance of overhead power lines in winter conditions, taking into account both mechanical and electrical aspects.Experience within the CIGRE community reveals many strategies to protect overhead power lines from damage caused by heavy build-up of ice and snow or electrical issues such as insulator icing flashovers. The initial approach is to consider the predicted ice loads from the available databases. This is supplemented with some fundamental aspects of icing physics that affect accretion rate as well as factors in ice shedding on traditional (metal, ceramic) and novel treated surfaces. These ice physics concepts structure the ways to categorize and evaluate methods to reduce or prevent icing on conductors and ground wires or to prevent flashover of insulators.Many utilities in cold climate regions have developed and used methods and strategies to reduce ice loads using anti-icing(AI) and / or de-icing (DI) methods. In general, AI methods are used before or early during ice build-up, while DI methods are activated during and sometimes after ice build-up. The book describes and discusses some historical, operational, or potential AI / DI systems in the ice physics context. This supports a comprehensive review of AI coatings including concepts, relevant material properties, application methods, and finally test methods for characterizing the long-term performance.

This book offers a comprehensive review of the various options for improving the performance of overhead power lines in winter conditions, taking into account both mechanical and electrical aspects.Experience within the CIGRE community reveals many strategies to protect overhead power lines from damage caused by heavy build-up of ice and snow or electrical issues such as insulator icing flashovers. The initial approach is to consider the predicted ice loads from the available databases. This is supplemented with some fundamental aspects of icing physics that affect accretion rate as well as factors in ice shedding on traditional (metal, ceramic) and novel treated surfaces. These ice physics concepts structure the ways to categorize and evaluate methods to reduce or prevent icing on conductors and ground wires or to prevent flashover of insulators.Many utilities in cold climate regions have developed and used methods and strategies to reduce ice loads using anti-icing(AI) and / or de-icing (DI) methods. In general, AI methods are used before or early during ice build-up, while DI methods are activated during and sometimes after ice build-up. The book describes and discusses some historical, operational, or potential AI / DI systems in the ice physics context. This supports a comprehensive review of AI coatings including concepts, relevant material properties, application methods, and finally test methods for characterizing the long-term performance.

This CIGRE Green Book presents an overview of the operation of distributed energy resources (DER) and their role in enabling active distribution networks. The content draws on the expertise and work of CIGRE’s Study Committee C6 (Active Distribution Systems and Distributed Energy Resources) and is the result of five years of development by the committee’s working groups. The book includes descriptions of DER assets, network systems, planning and operation, rural and off‑grid systems, and future prospects. By describing international developments and providing several examples of DER applications, it serves as a valuable guide for researchers and practitioners interested in the subject.Readers who would like to comment on any of the published books or identify errors to the editorial team please contact:cigregreenbook@springer.com.

This book offers a compact guide to IEC61850 systems, including wide-area implementation, as it has been applied to real substations worldwide. It utilises technical brochures and papers based on existing practice of IEC61850 systems that give stakeholders from different disciplines an understanding of systems in use, their features, how they are applied, and approach for implementation.The book offers a holistic practical view considering all relevant interfaces and possibilities. It includes the different applications, practical implementation considerations and choices made for IEC61850 PACS (Protection Automation & Control System) designs. Power system engineers, planners, technicians and researchers will find the book useful for exploring, developing and delivering these systems.This second edition of the book includes publication quality corrections. The technical content remains unaltered.

This book offers a compact guide to IEC61850 systems, including wide-area implementation, as it has been applied to real substations worldwide. It utilises technical brochures and papers based on existing practice of IEC61850 systems that give stakeholders from different disciplines an understanding of systems in use, their features, how they are applied, and approach for implementation.The book offers a holistic practical view considering all relevant interfaces and possibilities. It includes the different applications, practical implementation considerations and choices made for IEC61850 PACS (Protection Automation & Control System) designs. Power system engineers, planners, technicians and researchers will find the book useful for exploring, developing and delivering these systems.This second edition of the book includes publication quality corrections. The technical content remains unaltered.

This comprehensive guide explores every stage of an HVDC project - from identifying the need for a scheme through to final decommissioning. It includes discussions of:Comparisons between AC and HVDC transmission systemsIntegration of HVDC systems into AC networks;Suggested planning and important scoping studies;Cost-benefit analysis and project specifications;Environmental considerations and operational requirements;Detailed component descriptions; andProject commissioning, implementation and lifetime reliability monitoring.The book describes current AC-to-DC and DC-to-AC conversion technologies, their application within HVDC systems, and the challenges and advantages they present. This thorough and comprehensive analysis makes High Voltage DC Transmission Systems ideal for electrical engineers new to HVDC, as well as those seeking deeper expertise.Readers who would like to comment on any of the published books or identify errors or significant omissions to the editorial team please contact: cigregreenbooks@springer.com.

This Green Book provides the design engineer with an understanding of the electrical parameters and methods required in designing compact AC and DC lines. Compact AC and DC lines are becoming increasingly necessary due to the limitation of right of way access and the need to upgrade power transfer in existing, narrower line corridors. Another requirement for compact AC lines is the lower impedance permitting increased power flow.For DC power lines, increased power flow can only be realised by increasing the current through the conductors and/or increasing line voltage. In AC it can also be achieved by bundle expansion and phase compaction due to the variation of impedance. The effect of compaction on AC and DC lines is not identical as with the constraints. The Green Book covers the theory relating to the constraints such as corona, audible noise, insulation coordination, electric and magnetic fields and others for both AC and DC lines.In addition to the theory, the Green Book includes actual calculations of electric parameters for different pole (DC) and phase (AC) configurations. Standards applied by various countries are tabulated for easy comparison of practices internationally.Case studies on line compaction designs for both AC and DC are described with relation to pole compaction, pole rearrangement and phase configuration. Voltage upgrading is also treated in this book, and some case studies for both AC and DC are considered.Readers who would like to comment on any of the published books or identify errors to the editorial team please contact: cigregreenbooks@springer.com.

This Green Book provides the design engineer with an understanding of the electrical parameters and methods required in designing compact AC and DC lines. Compact AC and DC lines are becoming increasingly necessary due to the limitation of right of way access and the need to upgrade power transfer in existing, narrower line corridors. Another requirement for compact AC lines is the lower impedance permitting increased power flow.For DC power lines, increased power flow can only be realised by increasing the current through the conductors and/or increasing line voltage. In AC it can also be achieved by bundle expansion and phase compaction due to the variation of impedance. The effect of compaction on AC and DC lines is not identical as with the constraints. The Green Book covers the theory relating to the constraints such as corona, audible noise, insulation coordination, electric and magnetic fields and others for both AC and DC lines.In addition to the theory, the Green Book includes actual calculations of electric parameters for different pole (DC) and phase (AC) configurations. Standards applied by various countries are tabulated for easy comparison of practices internationally.Case studies on line compaction designs for both AC and DC are described with relation to pole compaction, pole rearrangement and phase configuration. Voltage upgrading is also treated in this book, and some case studies for both AC and DC are considered.Readers who would like to comment on any of the published books or identify errors to the editorial team please contact: cigregreenbooks@springer.com.

This Green Book is an essential resource for power system engineers seeking comprehensive information on contemporary power system dynamic modelling and analysis. With today's rapid adoption of inverter-based resources and the resulting changes in power system dynamics, this book compares conventional power systems with evolving power systems characterized by high shares of grid-connected and distributed inverter-based resources. It covers dynamic phenomena, analysis methods, simulation tools and enablers required for secure and reliable system planning and operation. Starting with an overview of power system studies and associated analysis tools, the book provides modelling requirements for various power system components, including existing and emerging technologies. It includes practical examples from real-world power systems worldwide that act as step-by-step study guides for practising engineers and provides knowledge to apply in their day-to-day tasks. Additionally, the book emphasizes the importance of power system model acceptance testing and validation, providing practical examples of various testing methods.Written with practising power system engineers in mind, this book minimizes the use of advanced mathematics. However, relevant sources for those interested in learning more about mathematical concepts are provided. Overall, this book is an invaluable resource for power system engineers navigating contemporary power systems.Readers who would like to comment on any of the published books or identify errors to the editorial team please contact: cigregreenbooks@springer.com.

This Green Book provides a comprehensive guide to transformer and reactor life management, from procurement to disposal.Transformers and reactors are among the most expensive components in the power system and contribute to a large proportion of its losses. Transformers also have long lives - more 40 years in many cases. Making the wrong decisions on their life management can have serious and long-lasting consequences.The book is a reference for anyone involved in transformer and reactor life management. This includes not only operators, but also maintenance, repair, testing, and disposal contractors. Each of the main steps is described in its own chapter, with special emphasis on diagnosing and resolving transformer and reactor problems. Each chapter has been written by experts in the field, and then reviewed in detail by the editorial panel. In addition, the editorial panel has tried to ensure a clear and consistent use of terminology.The book provides those involved in transformer and reactor life management with comprehensive guidance on industry best practices and how to avoid wrong decisions.Readers who would like to comment on any of the published books or identify errors to the editorial team please contact: cigregreenbooks@springer.com.

This handbook offers all aspects of Overhead Transmission Lines as the backbone of networks of electrical power. The content of the book includes, after a historical flash-back: Planning and management concepts, electrical and mechanical considerations, influences of the weather, and on the environment, detailed design of all line components, construction and maintenance aspects, line optimization, and asset management, as well as a comparison between overhead lines and underground cables.The book was written by more than 50 experts and assembled through the Cigré study committee on Overhead Lines. This guarantees valuable exchange and dissemination of unbiased information for technical but also non-technical audiences.

This CIGRE green book begins by addressing the specification and provision of communication services in the context of operational applications for electrical power utilities, before subsequently providing guidelines on the deployment or transformation of networks to deliver these specific communication services. Lastly, it demonstrates how these networks and their services can be monitored, operated, and maintained to ensure that the requisite high level of service quality is consistently achieved.

This handbook offers the whole knowledge of high voltage substations from their design and construction to the maintenance and the ongoing management, the entire asset life-cycle. The content of the book covers a range of substation topologies: Air-Insulated, Gas-Insulated and Mixed Technology Switchgear Substations together with the essential secondary systems. Additionally specialized substations such as ultra high voltage (UHV), offshore substations for wind power plants and the use of gas insulated lines are included.The book includes topics, providing information for increased reliability and availability, asset management, environmental management aspects, and the adoption of appropriate technological advances in equipment and systems in substations.The book was written by more than 30 experts from around the world and assembled through the Cigré study committee on Substations. This guarantees that the book contains information that is based on the global exchange and dissemination of unbiased information for technical and non-technical audiences.Although there are other works containing references to Substations, this book is designed to provide a complete overview of the topic in one book, providing a valuable reference for anyone interested in the topic.

This CIGRE Green Book provides the entire know-how about switches in a high voltage system. The switching equipment includes circuit breakers, vacuum interrupters, disconnecting switches, and earthing switches used in AC & DC transmission and distribution systems. The Green book describes different switching equipments and their roles in the power systems. It explains the fundamental switching behaviors in power systems targeted for practitioners and students and joining electrical industries. The Green book also covers fundamental specific subjects including DC circuit breakers, controlled switching, fault current limiting devices and future technologies. Like all Green books, this book covers the cumulative understanding of numerous experts in the CIGRE study committee. It offers the approved and outstanding practical knowledge of CIGRE Study committee A3 and was collected by Dr. Hiroki Ito.

This brochure offers numerical models of wind-induced aeolian vibrations and sub-span oscillations of the conductors. It highlights what can be expected from numerical models regarding conductor vibrations.Assessment of the aeolian vibration condition of particular lines, with conductors whose mechanical properties are poorly defined, or with special terrain conditions, may require field measurements;Analytical methods based on the EBP and shaker-based technology can provide a useful tool to design damping systems for the protection of single conductors against aeolian vibrationsThis work reports the state of the art for professionals regarding aeolian vibrations and subspan oscillations modelling.