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391 produkter
391 produkter
Epistemology and Probability
Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and the Nature of Quantum-Theoretical Thinking
Inbunden, Engelska, 2009
2 117 kr
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This book offers an exploration of the relationships between epistemology and probability in the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and Erwin Schro- ¨ dinger, and in quantum mechanics and in modern physics as a whole. It also considers the implications of these relationships and of quantum theory itself for our understanding of the nature of human thinking and knowledge in general, or the ‘‘epistemological lesson of quantum mechanics,’’ as Bohr liked 1 to say. These implications are radical and controversial. While they have been seen as scientifically productive and intellectually liberating to some, Bohr and Heisenberg among them, they have been troublesome to many others, such as Schro¨ dinger and, most prominently, Albert Einstein. Einstein famously refused to believe that God would resort to playing dice or rather to playing with nature in the way quantum mechanics appeared to suggest, which is indeed quite different from playing dice. According to his later (sometime around 1953) remark, a lesser known or commented upon but arguably more important one: ‘‘That the Lord should play [dice], all right; but that He should gamble according to definite rules [i. e. , according to the rules of quantum mechanics, rather than 2 by merely throwing dice], that is beyond me. ’’ Although Einstein’s invocation of God is taken literally sometimes, he was not talking about God but about the way nature works. Bohr’s reply on an earlier occasion to Einstein’s question 1 Cf.
Del 34 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Elementary Particles
Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
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This book has come into being as a result of scientific debates. And these debates have determined its structure. The first chapter is in the form of Socratic dialogues between a mathematician (MATH.), two physicists (pHYS. and EXP.) and a philosopher (PHIL.). However, although one of the authors is a theoretical physicist and the other a mathematician, the reader must not think that their opinions have been divided among the participants of the dialogues. We have tried to convey the inner tension of the topic under discussion and its openness. The attitudes of the participants reflect more the possible evaluations of the situation rather than the actual views of the authors. What is more, the subject "elementary particles" as dealt with in the 3 6 dialogue stretches over (2-3) 10 years of historical time and a space of 10 ±1 pages of scientific literature. For this reason, a complete survey of it is un achievable. But, of course, every researcher constructs his own history of his science and sees a certain list of its main pOints. We have attempted to float several possible pictures of this kind. Therefore the fact that Math and Phys talk about the history of element ary particles is not an attempt to present the scientific history of this realm of physics.
Del 36 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods
Cambridge, England, 1988
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
3 172 kr
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Cambridge, England, 1988
Del 35 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
2 117 kr
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Although the debate about the true nature of the quantum behavior of atomic systems has never ceased, there are two periods during which it has been particularly intense: the years that saw the founding of quantum mechanics and, increasingly, these modern times. In 1954 Max Born, on accepting the Nobel Prize for his 'fundamental researches in quantum mechanics', recalled the depth of the disagreements that divided celebrated quantum theorists of those days into two camps: . . . when I say that physicists had accepted the way of thinking developed by us at that time, r am not quite correct: there are a few most noteworthy exceptions - namely, among those very workers who have contributed most to the building up of quantum theory. Planck himself belonged to the sceptics until his death. Einstein, de Broglie, and Schriidinger have not ceased to emphasize the unsatisfactory features of quantum mechanics . . . . This dramatic disagreement centered around some of the most funda mental questions in all of science: Do atomic objects exist il1dependently of human observations and, if so, is it possible for man to understand correctly their behavior? By and large, it can be said that the Copenhagen and Gottingen schools - led by Bohr, Heisenberg, and Born, in particula- gave more or less openly pessimistic answers to these questions.
Del 37 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
2 961 kr
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Bell's Theorem and its associated implications for the nature of the physical world remain topics of great interest. For this reason many meetings have been recently held on the interpretation of quantum theory and the implications of Bell's Theorem. Generally these meetings have been held primarily for quantum physicists and philosophers of science who have been or are actively working on the topic. Nevertheless, other philosophers of science, mathematicians, engineers as well as members of the general public have increasingly taken interest in Bell's Theorem and its implications. The Fall Workshop held at George Mason University on October 21 and 22, 1988 and titled "Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe" was of a more general scope. Not only it attracted experts in the field, it also covered other topics such as the implications of quantum non-locality for the nature of consciousness, cosmology, the anthropic principle, etc. topics usually not covered in previous meetings of this kind. The meeting was attended by more than one hundred ten specialists and other interested people from all over the world. The purpose of the meeting was not to provide a definitive answer to the general questions raised by Bell's Theorem. It is likely that the debate will go on for quite a long time. Rather, it was meant to contribute to the important dialogue between different disciplines.
Del 38 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Phase Transitions and Crystal Symmetry
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
3 172 kr
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About half a century ago Landau formulated the central principles of the phe nomenological second-order phase transition theory which is based on the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking at phase transition. By means of this ap proach it has been possible to treat phase transitions of different nature in altogether distinct systems from a unified viewpoint, to embrace the aforemen tioned transitions by a unified body of mathematics and to show that, in a certain sense, physical systems in the vicinity of second-order phase transitions exhibit universal behavior. For several decades the Landau method has been extensively used to an alyze specific phase transitions in systems and has been providing a basis for interpreting experimental data on the behavior of physical characteristics near the phase transition, including the behavior of these characteristics in systems subject to various external effects such as pressure, electric and magnetic fields, deformation, etc. The symmetry aspects of Landau's theory are perhaps most effective in analyzing phase transitions in crystals because the relevant body of mathemat ics for this symmetry, namely, the crystal space group representation, has been worked out in great detail. Since particular phase transitions in crystals often call for a subtle symmetry analysis, the Landau method has been continually refined and developed over the past ten or fifteen years.
Del 41 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics of Leptons and Fields
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
2 433 kr
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The material contained in this work concerns relativistic quantum mechanics, and as such pertains to classical fields. On the one hand it is meant to serve as a text on the subject, a desire stemming from the author's fruitless searches for an adequate, up-to-date reference when lecturing on these topics. At times the supplementary material was found to exceed by far that in the assigned text. On the other hand, there is some flavor of a monograph to what follows, most particularly in the later chapters, for a major goal is to demonstrate just how far we can advance our understanding of the behavior of stable particles and their interactions without introducing quantized fields. Those wishing to describe the world in this way may view the result as a point of departure, despite the fact that their wish remains unfulfilled. Confirmed quantum-field theorists, however, will doubtless view it as a summary of just why they feel compelled to quantize the fields. Approximately half the book is devoted to the single-particle Dirac equation and its solutions. A great deal of detail is provided in this respect, and the discus sion is reasonably comprehensive. The Dirac equation is extraordinarily important in its own right, particularly as a basis for quantum electrodynamics (QED), and is thus worthy of extensive study.
Turbulent Motion and the Structure of Chaos
A New Approach to the Statistical Theory of Open Systems
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
2 117 kr
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analyzing the experimental data and constructing math.ematical models of the processes under study, one has to rely rather on the physical intuition than on the strict calculations. Now let us go one step higher and explain the main title of the book. The concepts of "laminary" and "turbulent" motions were first introduced in hydrodynamics. Since the old days these concepts have considerably broadened; now the laminar and the turbulent motions have been discovered and investigated at all levels of description of nonequilibrium processes in the open systems, from kinetics to reaction diffusion. In any case, one of the principal characteristics of the turbulent motion is the existence of a large number of well-developed macroscopic degrees of freedom. For this reason the turbulent motion is extremely complicated and to a large extent unpredictable. As the laminar and the turbulent flows play an important role in the processes of evolution in the open systems, and in particular, in the processes of self-organization, the need arises for assessing the relative degree of order of laminar and turbulent motions, and also for comparing the degree of order of various turbulent motions. Without being able to make such estimates it will be impossible to determine whether the evolution is going towards higher or towards lower organization when one turbulent state is replaced by another.
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The 10th International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods, MaxEnt 90, was held in Laramie, Wyoming from 30 July to 3 August 1990. This volume contains the scientific presentations given at that meeting. This series of workshops originated in Laramie in 1981, where the first three of what were to become annual workshops were held. The fourth meeting was held in Calgary. the fifth in Laramie, the sixth and seventh in Seattle, the eighth in Cambridge, England, and the ninth at Hanover, New Hampshire. It is most appropriate that the tenth workshop, occurring in the centennial year of Wyoming's statehood, was once again held in Laramie. The original purpose of these workshops was twofold. The first was to bring together workers from diverse fields of scientific research who individually had been using either some form of the maximum entropy method for treating ill-posed problems or the more general Bayesian analysis, but who, because of the narrow focus that intra-disciplinary work tends to impose upon most of us, might be unaware of progress being made by others using these same techniques in other areas. The second was to introduce to those who were somewhat aware of maximum entropy and Bayesian analysis and wanted to learn more, the foundations, the gestalt, and the power of these analyses. To further the first of these ends, presenters at these workshops have included workers from area. s as varied as astronomy, economics, environmenta.
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Orthomodular Structures as Quantum Logics
Intrinsic Properties, State Space and Probabilistic Topics
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
1 589 kr
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The stupendous successes of the Dirac equation and quantum electrodynamics have established the electron as the most well understood of the fundamental constituents of matter. Nevertheless, physicists agree that the electron still has secrets to reveal. Moreover, powerful new theoretical and experimental tools for probing those secrets have been sharpened during the last decade. The 1990 Electron Workshop was organized to bring theorists and experimentalists together to discuss their common goal of knowing the electron. These Proceedings describe the present state and future prospects for progress toward that goal. The Electron presents the latest theoretical and experimental work seeking to probe the as yet undiscovered secrets of this particle. The theoretical papers encompass a wide range of views on the electron. Several argue that the zitterbewegung is more than a mathematical peculiarity of the Dirac equation, that it may well be a real physical phenomenon and so worthy of serious study both theoretically and experimentally. Besides generating the electron spin and magnetic moment, the zitterbewegung may be a vital clue to electron structure and self-interaction.Some of the papers employ a radical new formulation of the Dirac theory which reveals a hidden geometric structure in the theory that supports a zitterbewegung interpretation.
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Kinetic theory is the link between the non--equilibrium statistical mechanics of many particle systems and macroscopic or phenomenological physics. Therefore much attention is paid in this book both to the derivation of kinetic equations with their limitations and generalizations on the one hand, and to the use of kinetic theory for the description of physical phenomena and the calculation of transport coefficients on the other hand. The book is meant for researchers in the field, graduate students and advanced undergraduate students. At the end of each chapter a section of exercises is added not only for the purpose of providing the reader with the opportunity to test his understanding of the theory and his ability to apply it, but also to complete the chapter with relevant additions and examples that otherwise would have overburdened the main text of the preceding sections. The author is indebted to the physicists who taught him Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory, Plasma Physics and Fluid Mechanics. I gratefully acknowledge the fact that much of the inspiration without which this book would not have been possible, originated from what I learned from several outstanding teachers. In particular I want to mention the late Prof. dr. H. C. Brinkman, who directed my first steps in the field of theoretical plasma physics, my thesis advisor Prof. dr. N. G. Van Kampen and Prof. dr. A. N. Kaufman, whose course on Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics in Berkeley I remember with delight.
Del 47 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
2 117 kr
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This volume contains selected papers presented at the Second Workshop on Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics. These papers range from various algebraic and analytic aspects of Clifford algebras to applications in, for example, gauge fields, relativity theory, supersymmetry and supergravity, and condensed phase physics. Included is a biography and list of publications of Mario Schenberg, who, next to Marcel Riesz, has made valuable contributions to these topics. This volume should be of interest to mathematicians working in the fields of algebra, geometry or special functions, to physicists working on quantum mechanics or supersymmetry, and to historians of mathematical physics.
Del 48 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Quantum Geometry
A Framework for Quantum General Relativity
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
2 117 kr
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The present monograph provides a systematic and basicaIly self-eontained introduetion to a mathematieal framework eapable of ineOIporating those fundamental physical premises of general relativity and quantum meehanics which are not mutually ineonsistent, and which ean be therefore retained in the unifieation of these two fundamental areas of twentieth- eentury physics. Thus, its underlying thesis is that the equivalenee principle of classical general relativity remains true at the quantum level, where it has to be reeonciled, however, with the uneertainty principle. As will be discussed in the first as weIl as in the last chapter, eonventional methods based on classical geometries and on single Hilbert space frame- works for quantum meehanics have failed to aehieve such a reconciliation. On the other hand, foundational arguments suggest that new types of geometries should be introdueed. The geometries proposed and studied in this monograph are referred to as quantum geometries, sinee basic quantum principles are ineorporated into their strueture from the outset.The mathematical tools used in constructing these quantum geometries are drawn from functional analysis and fibre bundle theory, and in particular from Hilbert space the- ory, group representation theory, and modern formulations of differential geometry. The developed physical eoncepts have their roots in nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum me- chanics in Hilbert spaee, in classical general relativity and in quantum field theory for mas- sive and gauge fields.
2 180 kr
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Bayesian probability theory and maximum entropy methods are at the core of a new view of scientific inference. These "new" ideas, along with the revolution in computational methods afforded by modern computers, allow astronomers, electrical engineers, image processors of any type, NMR chemists and physicists and anyone at all who has to deal with incomplete and noisy data, to take advantage of methods that, in the past, have been applied only in some areas of theoretical physics. This volume records the proceedings of the 11th annual Maximum Entropy workshop, held at Seattle University in June, 1991. These workshops have been the focus of a group of researchers from many different fields, and this diversity is evident in this volume, There are tutorial papers, theoretical papers, and applications in a variety of fields. Almost any instance of dealing with incomplete and noisy data can be usefully treated by these methods and many areas of theoretical research are being enhanced by the application of Bayes' theorem. The contributions in this volume present a state-of-the-art review that should be useful for many years to come.
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This volume deals with the question of whether quantum mechanics can provide a picture of physical reality. This question is investigated from physical, philosophical, and logical perspectives on the basis of modern views on measurement and open quantum systems. New ways are found of respecting the rules of classical logic in quantum mechanics, by developing a formalization of the concept of a "context" within a modularized version of modal logic. Various applications are given, both within and outside quantum theory. A "contextual quantum process theory" is presented as a general framework for further interpretation. Several such interpretations are outlined, and ensuing problems of completeness and (non) locality are discussed. A special chapter is devoted to a manifestly covariant relativistic interpretation in terms of "quantum events". This book should be of interest to experts on quantum theory, but it should also appeal to a wider public of physicists, philosophers and logicians.
Spinors, Twistors, Clifford Algebras and Quantum Deformations
Proceedings of the Second Max Born Symposium held near Wrocław, Poland, September 1992
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
2 117 kr
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This volume contains the lectures given at the Second Max Born Symposium held near Wroclaw in Poland in September 1992. The various authoritative contributions provide an review of recent developments in the field and embrace the following topics: spin structures; the interrelations between Cartan's and Chevalley's theory of spinors, Clifford algebras and particle models; the interrelations between twistors, supersymmetry and phase spaces; quantum deformations; noncommutative Hopf algebras; noncommutative calculus and its applications in electrodynamics and in gauge theory; and deformed Clifford algebras and Z3-graded algebras. For researchers and graduate students in mathematical and theoretical physics.
3 172 kr
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This volume contains most of the papers presented at the Twelfth International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods held in Paris, July 1992. As was the case with the eleven previous annual workshops (the first was held in 1980) this twelfth workshop brought together leading scientists and 'newcomers' involved in research activities in diverse scientific disciplines in which the theory and applications of maximum entropy and Bayesian statistics plays a significant and fruitful role. The contributions are presented in six sections: Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy (18 papers); Quantum Physics and Quantum Information (9 papers); Time Series (3 papers); Inverse Problems (4 papers); Applications (11 papers); Image Restoration and Reconstruction (9 papers). The rich diversity of the papers presented, and the status of many of the contributors, attest to the growing importance and vigour of this major topic to many areas of applied science and engineering. This volume will be of interest to a wide range of researchers whose work involves the theory and applications of maximum entropy and Bayesian statistics.
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This volume contains a facsimile reproduction of Marcel Riesz's notes of a set of lectures he delivered at the University of Maryland, College Park, between October 1957 and January 1958, which has not been formally published to date. This material (arranged in four chapters), which contributed greatly to the start of modern research on Clifford algebras, is supplemented in this book by notes which Riesz dictated to E. Folke Bolinder in the following year and which were intended to be a fifth chapter of the Riesz lecture notes. In addition, Riesz's work on Clifford algebra is put into an historical perspective in a separate review by P. Lounesto. As well as providing an introduction to Clifford algebra, this volume should be of value to those interested in the history of mathematics.
Del 56 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Parametrized Relativistic Quantum Theory
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
2 117 kr
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Over the past five de-::ades researchers have sought to develop a new framework that would resolve the anomalies attributable to a patchwork formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics. This book chronicles the development of a new paradigm for describing relativistic quantum phenomena. What makes the new paradigm unique is its inclusion of a physically measurable, invariant evolution parameter. The resulting theory has been sufficiently well developed in the refereed literature that it is now possible to present a synthesis of its ideas and techniques. My synthesis is intended to encourage and enhance future research, and is presented in six parts. The environment within which the conventional paradigm exists is described in the Introduction. Part I eases the mainstream reader into the ideas of the new paradigm by providing the reader with a discussion that should look very familiar, but contains subtle nuances. Indeed, I try to provide the mainstream reader with familiar "landmarks" throughout the text. This is possible because the new paradigm contains the conventional paradigm as a subset. The foundation of the new paradigm is presented in Part II, fol!owed by numerous applications in the remaining three parts. The reader should notice that the new paradigm handles not only the broad class of problems typically dealt with in conventional relativistic quantum theory, but also contains fertile research areas for both experimentalists and theorists. To avoid developing a theoretical framework without physical validity, numerous comparisons between theory and experiment are provided, and several predictions are made.
Del 57 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
2 961 kr
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This book is aimed at anyone who wants to understand the use of quantum theory for the description of physical processes. It is a graduate level text, ideal for independent study, and includes numerous figures, exercises, bibliographical references, and even some computer programs. The first chapters introduce formal tools; the mathematics are precise, but not excessively abstract. The physical interpretation too is rigorous. It makes no use of the uncertainty principle of other ill-defined notions. The central part of the book is devoted to Bell's theorem and to the Kochen-Specker theorem. It is here that quantum phenomena depart most radically from classical physics. There has recently been considerable progress on these issues, and current developments have been included. The final chapters discuss further topics of current research: spacetime symmetries, quantum thermodynamics and information theory, semiclassical methods, irreversibility, quantum chaos, and especially the measuring process. In particular, it is shown how modern techniques allow the extraction of more information from a physical system than traditional measurement methods.For physicists, mathematicians and philosophers of science with an interest in the applications and foundations of quantum theory. The volume is suitable as a supplementary graduate textbook.
Del 58 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Theory of Sprays and Finsler Spaces with Applications in Physics and Biology
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
2 117 kr
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This volume presents the principles and methods of sprays (path spaces) and Finsler spaces with many applications in the physical and life sciences. Beginning from the classical theory of sprays, the first chapter presents an introduction to modern Finsler differential geometry. The following three chapters can serve as a comprehensive graduate course using the notions of pre-Finsler connections in spray bundles. Topics covered are the calculus of variations and Finsler metric functions, spaces of constant curvature, projective and conformal geometry, two-dimensional Finsler spaces, and Beswald spaces. Chapter 4 deals with the Finslerian view of dissipative mechanics, thermodynamics and information, and geometrical and electron optics. Chapter 5 discusses, from a Finslerian perspective, ecological problems and models, with particular reference to the Great Barrier Reef. Spray connection theory is shown to be indispensable for a logically consistent theory of social interactions. Projective Finsler geometry and Wagner connection theory are used to model time-sequencing changes in growth and development.Some direct applications to fossil measurements in paleontology are also described. For geometers, physicists and theoretical (marine) biologists, the book can also be used as a supplementary graduate text.
Del 59 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Geometry of Lagrange Spaces: Theory and Applications
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
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Differential-geometric methods are gaining increasing importance in the understanding of a wide range of fundamental natural phenomena. Very often, the starting point for such studies is a variational problem formulated for a convenient Lagrangian. From a formal point of view, a Lagrangian is a smooth real function defined on the total space of the tangent bundle to a manifold satisfying some regularity conditions. The main purpose of this book is to present: (a) an extensive discussion of the geometry of the total space of a vector bundle; (b) a detailed exposition of Lagrange geometry; and (c) a description of the most important applications. New methods are described for construction geometrical models for applications. The various chapters consider topics such as fibre and vector bundles, the Einstein equations, generalized Einstein-Yang-Mills equations, the geometry of the total space of a tangent bundle, Finsler and Lagrange spaces, relatiistic geometrical optics, and the geometry of time-dependent Lagrangians. Prerequisites for using the book are a good foundation in general manifold theory and a general background in geometrical models in physics.This text is aimed at mathematical physicists and applied mathematicians interested in the theory and applications of differential-geometric methods.
Del 60 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Solving Frontier Problems of Physics: The Decomposition Method
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
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The Adomian decomposition method enables the accurate and efficient analytic solution of nonlinear ordinary or partial differential equations without the need to resort to linearization or perturbation approaches. It unifies the treatment of linear and nonlinear, ordinary or partial differential equations, or systems of such equations, into a single basic method, which is applicable to both initial and boundary-value problems. This volume deals with the application of this method to many problems of physics, including some frontier problems which have previously required much more computationally-intensive approaches. The opening chapters deal with various fundamental aspects of the decomposition method. Subsequent chapters deal with the application of the method to nonlinear oscillatory systems in physics, the Duffing equation, boundary-value problems with closed irregular contours or surfaces, and other frontier areas. The potential application of this method to a wide range of problems in diverse disciplines such as biology, hydrology, semiconductor physics, wave propagation, etc., is highlighted. For researchers and graduate students of physics, applied mathematics and engineering, whose work involves mathematical modelling and the quantitative solution of systems of equations.
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This monograph is devoted to a new branch of nonlinear physics - solitary intrinsic states, or autosolitons, which form in a broad class of physical, chemical and biological dissipative systems. Autosolitons are often observed as highly nonequilibrium regions in slightly nonequilibrium systems, in many ways resembling ball lightning which occurs in the atmosphere. A new approach to problems of self-organization and turbulence is developed, treating these phenomena as a result of spontaneous formation and subsequent evolution of autosolitons. Scenarios of self-organization involve sophisticated interactions between autosolitons, whereas turbulence is regarded as a pattern of autosolitons which appear and disappear at random in different parts of the system. This monograph attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of the theory of autosolitons as developed by the authors over many years of research. The text is suitable for researchers and graduate students whose work involves the physics of nonequilibrium media, semiconductors, plasmas and self-organization.
Del 62 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., 1993
Inbunden, Engelska, 1996
2 117 kr
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Maximum entropy and Bayesian methods have fundamental, central roles in scientific inference, and, with the growing availability of computer power, are being successfully applied in an increasing number of applications in many disciplines. This volume contains selected papers presented at the Thirteenth International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods. It includes an extensive tutorial section, and a variety of contributions detailing application in the physical sciences, engineering, law, and economics. Audience: Researchers and other professionals whose work requires the application of practical statistical inference.
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This work deals with the contemporary development of quantum theory from the point of view of quantum optics. The fundamentals of quantum theory are presented, with particular attention being given to the quantum theory of measurement. General coherent states are adopted as the most important theoretical tool for the description of the interaction of optical fields with matter. Quantum theory predicts various nonclassical phenomena, such as squeezing of vacuum fluctuations, photon antibunching, sub-Poisson photon statistics, and collapses and revivals of atomic motion. These quantum effects can be observed, together with violation of various classical and Bell's inequalities, using photon interference and correlation techniques. This is demonstrated by experiments involving single-photon and two-photon interferences, squeezed and sub-Poisson light and twin photons produced by frequency down conversion. All these results are in agreement with quantum theory and they confirm the wave-particle duality of a photon and the `nonlocal' features of quantum theory.
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Is time, even locally, like the real line? Multiple structures of time, implicit in physics, create a consistency problem. A tilt in the arrow of time is suggested as the most conservative hypothesis which provides approximate consistency within physics and with topology of mundane time. Mathematically, the assumed constancy of the velocity of light (needed to measure time) implies functional differential equations of motion, that have both retarded and advanced deviating arguments with the hypothesis of a tilt. The novel features of such equations lead to a non-trivial structure of time and quantum-mechanical behaviour. The entire argument is embedded in a pedagogical exposition which amplifies, corrects, and questions the conventionally accepted approach. The exposition includes historical details and explains, for instance, why the entropy law is inadequate for time asymmetry, and why notions such as time asymmetry (hence causality) may be conceptually inadequate. The first three parts of the book are designed as supplementary reading material for undergraduate and graduate students and teachers of physics.The new ideas are addressed to researchers in physics and philosophy of science concerned with relativity and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
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This text is a substantially complete presentation of the electrodynamics developed by Wilhelm Weber. Weber's force between point charges is explored and thoroughly analysed. Ampere's force between current elements is discussed in connection with modern experiments relating to the Ampere versus Grassmann-Biot-Savart controversy. Ampere's force is a central feature of this work, as Maxwell maintained it should always be in the study of electrodynamics, although it is included in few textbooks on electromagnetism. A detailed study of this force is a feature of this book. Other topical questions of physics are analysed, such as a potential-dependent inertial mass, Mach's principle and the origin of inertia, action at a distance as opposed to contact actions, etc. No previous knowledge of the subject is required, and all topics are introduced with both their historical backgrounds as well as modern experimental evidence. This volume will appeal to physicists, mathematicians, electrical and electronic engineers, historians and philosophers of science.
Del 67 - Fundamental Theories of Physics
Statistical Theory of Open Systems
Volume 1: A Unified Approach to Kinetic Description of Processes in Active Systems
Häftad, Engelska, 1994
1 062 kr
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This monograph gives a systematic presentation of ideas, methods and results of the modern statistical theory of open systems - systems capable of exchanging matter, energy and information with the surrounding world. The resulting self-organization can lead to more sophisticated and advanced structures. Central to this work are the statistical criteria of self-organization. The feasibility of a unified description of kinetic, hydrodynamic and diffusion processes in passive and active macroscopic systems without resorting to the methods of perturbation theory is demonstrated. On this basis, a general definition of thermal flux is given in terms of the entropy gradient. Moreover, a consistent method for calculating both kinetic and hydrodynamic fluctuations is proposed. This approach is then used to construct a theory of classical and anomalous Brownian motion in nonlinear media. This theory makes it possible to treat in an original way the phenomenon of turbulence, and to propose a unified kinetic description of laminar and turbulent motion. The proposed methods are also applied to the statistical description of quantum macroscopic open systems.This provides answers as to whether or not the quantum mechanical description is complete, and whether or not there are hidden parameters in quantum mechanics. The book has no analogy in the existing literature. It is both a monograph and a textbook, and is based largely on the author's original research. This text should be useful to postgraduate students and researchers in chemistry, physics, mathematics, economics, sociology, and engineering.