Committee on Gender Differences in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty, Committee on Women in Science and Engineering, National Research Council

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• 1 Front Matter; 2 Summary; 3 1 Introduction; 4 2 Status of Women in Academic Science and Engineering in 2004 and 2005; 5 3 Gender Differences in Academic Hiring; 6 4 Professional Activities, Institutional Resources, Climate, and Outcomes; 7 5 Gender Differences in Tenure and Promotion; 8 6 Key Findings and Recommendations; 9 Appendixes; 10 Appendix 1-1: Biographical Information on Committee Members; 11 Appendix 1-2: List of Research I Institutions; 12 Appendix 1-3: Committee Meeting Agenda; 13 Appendix 1-4: The Surveys; 14 Appendix 1-5: Survey Instruments; 15 Appendix 1-6: Departments in Survey; 16 Appendix 2-1: Review of Literature and Relevant Research; 17 Appendix 2-2: Previous Research on Factors Contributing to Gender Differences Among Faculty; 18 Appendix 3-1: Review of Literature and Research on Factors Associated with a Higher Proportion of Female Applicants; 19 Appendix 3-2: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences for the Probability That There Are No Female Applicants; 20 Appendix 3-3: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Based on the Modeled Probability of the Percentage of Applicants That Are Female; 21 Appendix 3-4: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Based on the Modeled Probability of at Least One Female Candidate Interviewed; 22 Appendix 3-5: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by All Doctoral-Granting Institutions, by Field, Gender, and Year; 23 Appendix 3-6: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by Discipline and Gender for Research I Institutions, 1999-2003; 24 Appendix 3-7: Marginal Mean and Variance of Transformed Response Variables; 25 Appendix 3-8: Main Considerations for Taking a Position by Number of Respondents Saying "Yes"; 26 Appendix 4-1: Distribution of Undergraduate Course Load for Faculty by Gender and Discipline; 27 Appendix 4-2: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Do No Graduate Teaching; 28 Appendix 4-3: Percentage of Faculty Members Receiving a Reduced Teaching Load When Hired; 29 Appendix 4-4: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee; 30 Appendix 4-5: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on and Chaired an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee; 31 Appendix 4-6: Distribution of Number of Graduate Thesis or Honors Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women; 32 Appendix 4-7: Percentage of Time Spent in Administration or Committee Work on Campus and Service to the Profession Outside the University for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions: Men/Women; 33 Appendix 4-8: Distribution of Number of Service Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women; 34 Appendix 4-9: Mean Salary by Gender and Professorial Rank for Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions; 35 Appendix 4-10: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Summer Support; 36 Appendix 4-11: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Travel Funds; 37 Appendix 4-12: Median Square Footage of Lab Space of Faculty Who Report Doing Experimental Work; 38 Appendix 4-13: Faculty Who Have Received More Lab Space Since Hire (Values Are Percentages); 39 Appendix 4-14: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Equipment; 40 Appendix 4-15: Number of Postdoctorate Students for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Men and Women); 41 Appendix 4-16: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Clerical Support; 42 Appendix 4-17: Percentage of Faculty Members Stating That They Had a Mentor; 43 Appendix 4-18: Distribution of the Number of Graduate Students for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Men and Women); 44 Appendix 4-19: Mean Number of Articles Published in Refereed Journals (sole and co-authored) Over the Past 3 Years for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions; 45 Appendix 4-20a: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding by Discipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an Assigned Mentor - Assistant Professors Only; 46 Appendix 4-20b: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding by Discipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an Assigned Mentor - Associate Professors Only; 47 Appendix 4-21: Percentage of Faculty Missing Salary Data by Gender and Discipline; 48 Appendix 4-22: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions That Were Nominated for at Least One Award; 49 Appendix 4-23: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Research I Faculty with Offers to Leave; 50 Appendix 4-24: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions Planning to Leave or Retire; 51 Appendix 5-1: Knowledge of Tenure Procedures by Gender, Rank, and Presence of a Mentor; 52 Appendix 5-2: Detailed Tenure Information from Departmental Survey; 53 Appendix 5-3: Time Spent in Both Assistant and Associate Professorships; 54 Appendix 5-4: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving Associate Professor Status, by Gender; 55 Appendix 5-5: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving Full Professor Status, by Gender; 56 Appendix 5-6: Patterns of Nonresponse for Tenure Decisions; 57 Appendix 5-7: Patterns of Nonresponse for Promotion Decisions; 58 Bibliography; 59 Index

Committee on Gender Differences in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty, Committee on Women in Science and Engineering, National Research Council

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• 1 Front Matter; 2 Summary; 3 1 Introduction; 4 2 Status of Women in Academic Science and Engineering in 2004 and 2005; 5 3 Gender Differences in Academic Hiring; 6 4 Professional Activities, Institutional Resources, Climate, and Outcomes; 7 5 Gender Differences in Tenure and Promotion; 8 6 Key Findings and Recommendations; 9 Appendixes; 10 Appendix 1-1: Biographical Information on Committee Members; 11 Appendix 1-2: List of Research I Institutions; 12 Appendix 1-3: Committee Meeting Agenda; 13 Appendix 1-4: The Surveys; 14 Appendix 1-5: Survey Instruments; 15 Appendix 1-6: Departments in Survey; 16 Appendix 2-1: Review of Literature and Relevant Research; 17 Appendix 2-2: Previous Research on Factors Contributing to Gender Differences Among Faculty; 18 Appendix 3-1: Review of Literature and Research on Factors Associated with a Higher Proportion of Female Applicants; 19 Appendix 3-2: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences for the Probability That There Are No Female Applicants; 20 Appendix 3-3: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Based on the Modeled Probability of the Percentage of Applicants That Are Female; 21 Appendix 3-4: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Based on the Modeled Probability of at Least One Female Candidate Interviewed; 22 Appendix 3-5: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by All Doctoral-Granting Institutions, by Field, Gender, and Year; 23 Appendix 3-6: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by Discipline and Gender for Research I Institutions, 1999-2003; 24 Appendix 3-7: Marginal Mean and Variance of Transformed Response Variables; 25 Appendix 3-8: Main Considerations for Taking a Position by Number of Respondents Saying "Yes"; 26 Appendix 4-1: Distribution of Undergraduate Course Load for Faculty by Gender and Discipline; 27 Appendix 4-2: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Do No Graduate Teaching; 28 Appendix 4-3: Percentage of Faculty Members Receiving a Reduced Teaching Load When Hired; 29 Appendix 4-4: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee; 30 Appendix 4-5: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on and Chaired an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee; 31 Appendix 4-6: Distribution of Number of Graduate Thesis or Honors Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women; 32 Appendix 4-7: Percentage of Time Spent in Administration or Committee Work on Campus and Service to the Profession Outside the University for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions: Men/Women; 33 Appendix 4-8: Distribution of Number of Service Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women; 34 Appendix 4-9: Mean Salary by Gender and Professorial Rank for Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions; 35 Appendix 4-10: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Summer Support; 36 Appendix 4-11: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Travel Funds; 37 Appendix 4-12: Median Square Footage of Lab Space of Faculty Who Report Doing Experimental Work; 38 Appendix 4-13: Faculty Who Have Received More Lab Space Since Hire (Values Are Percentages); 39 Appendix 4-14: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Equipment; 40 Appendix 4-15: Number of Postdoctorate Students for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Men and Women); 41 Appendix 4-16: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Clerical Support; 42 Appendix 4-17: Percentage of Faculty Members Stating That They Had a Mentor; 43 Appendix 4-18: Distribution of the Number of Graduate Students for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Men and Women); 44 Appendix 4-19: Mean Number of Articles Published in Refereed Journals (sole and co-authored) Over the Past 3 Years for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions; 45 Appendix 4-20a: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding by Discipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an Assigned Mentor - Assistant Professors Only; 46 Appendix 4-20b: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding by Discipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an Assigned Mentor - Associate Professors Only; 47 Appendix 4-21: Percentage of Faculty Missing Salary Data by Gender and Discipline; 48 Appendix 4-22: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions That Were Nominated for at Least One Award; 49 Appendix 4-23: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Research I Faculty with Offers to Leave; 50 Appendix 4-24: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions Planning to Leave or Retire; 51 Appendix 5-1: Knowledge of Tenure Procedures by Gender, Rank, and Presence of a Mentor; 52 Appendix 5-2: Detailed Tenure Information from Departmental Survey; 53 Appendix 5-3: Time Spent in Both Assistant and Associate Professorships; 54 Appendix 5-4: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving Associate Professor Status, by Gender; 55 Appendix 5-5: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving Full Professor Status, by Gender; 56 Appendix 5-6: Patterns of Nonresponse for Tenure Decisions; 57 Appendix 5-7: Patterns of Nonresponse for Promotion Decisions; 58 Bibliography; 59 Index