Research Reports Esprit – serie
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Edited for Working Group 2 (WG 2): Cisigraph, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Danmarks Tekniske Hojskole, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, NEH Consulting Engineers ApS, Universitat Karlsruhe
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In the beginning of the 1980's it became evident that the European IT industry needed a substantial collaborative effort in the area of pre-competitive research and development. At that time several studies indicated that in the 90's and later a strategic lack in the economic power of European industry as a whole might result from the lack .of a competitive position in the key area of information technology. Therefore a strategic research program in this area was initiated by the Commission of the European Communities. This program was carefully planned and several hundred experts were involved in the process of definition and implementation. The program was named ESPRIT - European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technologies. At a very early phase of the program it was obvious that a substantial collaborative multinational effort in the direction of human factors in information technology should be undertaken. It became clear that only with the incorporation of human-factors-oriented knowledge into the product design technologies of the 90's could later success in the market be assured. Moreover, it was felt that Europe especially is well equipped to deal thoroughly with user issues in relation to information technology.
Specification of a CAD * I Neutral File for CAD Geometry
Wireframes, Surfaces, Solids Version 3.3
Häftad, Engelska, 1988
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ESPRIT Project 322, "CAD Interfaces", has been established to define the most important interfaces in CAD/CAM systems for data exchange, data base, finite element analysis, experimental analysis, and advanced modeling. The definitions of these interfaces are being elaborated in harmony with international standardization efforts in this field. One principal goal of the project is to develop techniques for the exchange of CAD information between CAD systems, and from the CAD domain to CAA (Computer Aided Analysis) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing). This volume presents a proposal for a neutral file format for CAD data: curves, surfaces, and solids. The specification is based on a reference schema for CAD data bases and is defined informally with respect to its semantics and formally with respect to its syntax. This volume is a revised edition of "Specification of a CAD*I Neutral File for Solids" Version 3.2. The revision reflects the enhancements which result from the implementation of communication processors in eight different CAD systems and from the practical exchange of solid models between these systems. Due to the close interaction between the CAD*I project and the coming-up international standard STEP this specification also serves as an introduction to the geometry model that will be included in the future international standard.
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Internationally recognized experts in the field of holographic interferometric testing, X-ray testing, and structural analysis by finite element techniques have come together in ESPRIT project 898 to develop a system that integrates these techniques. This system acts as an external interface between the complementary nondestructive testing methods and computer based structural analysis. In the book the testing and analysis techniques are presented and compared with special emphasis on problems regarding their combination and integration. The architecture and the components of the interface system are described. Experiments proving the feasibility and applicability of the concepts are presented. The chapters of the book dealing with the different techniques are written by the individual partners of the project. A common test object is investigated by all techniques. The book helps the customer to select the testing and analysis method most suitable for his problem. It also presents the background for building up integrated testing equipment for analysis and control.
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Accurate Numerical Algorithms
A Collection of Research Papers
Häftad, Engelska, 1989
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The ESPRIT Project 1072, DIAMOND (Development and Integration of Accurate Mathematical Operations in Numerical Data-Processing) was carried out from January 1986 through April 1989 by the five partners Siemens Miinchen (prime contractor), CWI Amsterdam, University of Karlsruhe (Institut fiir Ange wandte Mathematik), NAG Oxford and University of Bath (subcontractor to NAG). The technical work was divided into three main work packages with one additional work package for miscellaneous topics. The major goals of this project, according to its title, were to develop a set of accurate numerical algorithms (work package 3) and to provide tools to support their implementation by means of an embedding of accurate arithmetic into programming languages (work package 1) and by transform ation techniques which either improve the accuracy of expression evaluation or detect and eliminate presumable deficiencies in accuracy in existing programs (work package 2). A great variety of working papers describing and discussing the results of these work packages have been written during the collaboration of the project. This book (Accurate Numericlll A 19oritltms) mainly summarizes the results of work package 3, carried through by the two partners Karlsruhe University and NAG Oxford under the leadership of the editors and Dr. G. S. Hodgson. Another book (Improving Floating-Point Programming, J. Tliley, to appear 1989), edited by P.J.L. Wallis, which is one of the DIAMOND project's final deliverables, concentrates more on the fundamental tools.
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During the past 25 years computers have been introduced in industry to perform technical tasks such as drafting, design, process planning, data acquisition, process control, and quality assurance. Computerized solutions nevertheless have normally been single, isolated devices within a manufacturing plant. Computer technology is still evolving rapidly. The life cycle of todays' products and production methods is shortening, with continuously increasing requirements of customers, and a trend to market interrelations between companies at a national and international level. This urges a need for efficient storage retrieval and exchange of information. Integration of information flow is urgent inside companies to closely connect together departments, which used to work, more or less, on their own. On the other hand direct communication with outside customers, suppliers, and partner institutions will often determine the position of an enterprise among the competitors. In this sense, computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the key of today for the competitiveness of tomorrow. But the realisation of a future oriented CIM concept is not possible without powerful, widely accepted, and standardised interfaces. They are the vital issue on the way to CIM. They will contribute to harmonise data structures and information flows and play a major role for open CIM systems. Standardised interfaces should allow for: Access to data produced and archived on computing equipment which is no longer in active use; Communication between hardware and software from different vendors; Paperless exchange of information.
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Principal authors: U. Kroszynski, B. Palstr9Sm 1.1 The evolution of concepts and specifications for CAD data exchange The CAD/CAM community has witnessed, during the last decade, the appearance of several specifications as well as proposals for standards which either attempt to cover wider areas or to be more reliable and stable than the others. With the rapid evolution of both hardware and software, the capabilities offered by CAD systems and CAD based application systems are far more advanced than they were only ten years ago, even when they are now based on micro-computers or personal comput ers. The situation with standards, however, is not and cannot be so. In order to be reliable and accepted by a wide community of both vendors and users, a standard has to be sta ble. This implies a life span of at least a decade. This also implies that the standard has to be general and flexible enough to accommodate present as well as expected future developments. 1.1.1 IGES The initial development of concepts for CAD data exchange is strongly influenced by the US Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) programme, that dealt with the development of methods for data exchange. In September 1979, a subgroup was estab lished with participation of the National Bureau of Standards, the General Electric Com pany, and the Boeing Company. The result of this effort was the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) that was published as a NBS report [61] in 1980.
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The content of this book is an information model for technical drawings, the so-called "Drafting Model". The Drafting Model is a part of a complex information model describing product definition data, their applications and their representations. The definition of the information model is a central component of the development of STEP, a future international standard for the exchange of product defmition data. Here the Drafting Model particularly encloses descriptions for the representations of organizational drawing data, tolerances, dimensions and surface attributes such as surface fmish symbols (a survey of the whole content is shown in the figure above). Additional to that requirements for the Presentation Model concerning the representation of geometry as well as the integration process for both the Drafting and the Presentation Models are formulated. The extent of the Drafting Model is restricted to the application area "Mechanical Engineering". Within the Drafting Model the annotation representations are described on the one hand informally and on the other hand formally using a high level language for information modeling, EXPRESS. Principally the representations of the annotation are described according to the international drawing standards. Thus the semantics pertinent to the specific graphical appearance are maintained. The data structures provide formal descriptions of annotations at a high generation level, which means that a "way" is defmed how to generate these annotations.
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This guide presents the TODOS methodology and design support environment for office information systems development. In TODOS, a method for the definition of an office system is proposed, and tools support the developer in different design phases, in order to analyze results and to present them to final users of the office systems. The main goal of the TODOS approach is to avoid the unnecessary re-implementation of hardware and software components available on the market. The book is mainly oriented towards professionals looking for a method for office system development. It may also be of benefit to office system managers interested in exploring the possibilities of office information system development within their organizations.
Del 5 - Research Reports Esprit
CAD*I Database
An Approach to an Engineering Database Version 4.0
Häftad, Engelska, 1990
554 kr
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CAD models constitute isolated islands of data stored in independent files, and the creation and maintanence of relations between pieces of information stored in several files of a multi-user environment is a complex task. At a conceptual level, a relational database management system (DBMS) associated with the language SQL is the ideal tool to create and maintain such relations. At the implementation level, it is of the highest importance to define the optimum granularity of information to be stored in the database in order to get a good response time from such a system. Part of an ESPRIT research report concerning engineers in the CAD*I project, this study explores the possibility of using a database management system (DBMS) for computer-aided design (CAD). Conditions are derived that enable CAD systems to manage CAD models containing increasing amounts of data and more intelligent relations.
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This study provides an overview of the major results achieved by a project in the field of natural speech understanding. The book describes the complete speech understanding system, from the speech input of a question to the answer formulated in spoken natural language. All the components of the system are described in detail: speech recognition algorithms, understanding techniques, hardware based on Digital Speech Processing (DSP) and parallel architectures and languages. The main features of the system described are continuous speech, a vocabulary size of 1000 words, training independent of application vocabulary, natural language with limited syntactic coverage and constrained semantic domain relevant to a database enquiry. The book should be useful for researchers involved with the problem of designing a speech understanding system as well as for advanced students interested in the principles and fundamentals.
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This text is concerned with problems and solutions associated with the exchange of data between different computer aided design, engineering and manufacturing (CAx) systems. After an analysis of the current problems, strategies consisting of a test methodology, check software and tools for the improvement of the data exchange process are discussed. The particular problems associated with the transfer of curve and surface data are expanded upon and new methods to overcome them presented. In order to exclude incorrect data, a new methodology for neutral file processor tests has been devised. Finally, the benefits resulting from this new strategy are shown by the example of data transfer not only between CAx systems but also between consecutive production processes.
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The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the relevance of functional programming for software engineering, both from a research and from a practical point of view. The software development process is studied and a brief introduction to functional programming and languages is provided. Functional programming tends to promote locality which makes it possible to reason about a component of a program, independent of the rest of the program. The significance of the functional approach for formal program manipulation is illustrated by two important techniques, abstract interpretation and program transformation. Abstract interpretation is applied to the compilation of memory management and program transformation is illustrated with many applications such as program correctness proofs, program analysis and compilation. A correct compiler is described entirely in terms of program transformations. Regarding program construction, it is shown that input/output and state-oriented problems can be described in a purely functional framework.
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This volume presents the results of research work performed within ESPRIT Project 322 "CAD Interfaces (CAD*I)". It describes the concept for a methodology and guidelines to extend geometric modelling systems by modelling functions for the design of technical products. These functions are based on providing more semantics and design operations. A two-level concept for extending geometric modelling functions is presented, and geometric associative functions and technical functions reflecting technical terms and technical form features are defined.
Del 1 - Research Reports Esprit
LPCVD Silicon Nitride and Oxynitride Films
Material and Applications in Integrated Circuit Technology
Häftad, Engelska, 1991
538 kr
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This volume reports on ESPRIT Project 369, which concentrated on material obtained by low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD), and involved measuring and comparing a large number of samples. The papers collected here provide a broad overview of the chemical and physical characteristics of silicon oxynitrides, with special emphasis on the way in which these properties influence the electrical characteristics and behaviour of oxynitrides. The aim of the text is to provide materials scientists and integrated circuit technologists with enough information to consider this class of materials for application in integrated circuit technology.
Programming and Proof System ATES
Advanced Techniques Integration into Efficient Scientific Software
Häftad, Engelska, 1991
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This book presents the main results of Project 1158 "ATES" in the Subprogramme "Software Technology" of ESPRIT, the European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology supported by the European Communities. The ATES system integrates formal proof techniques and abstraction mechanisms within a common framework to create an environment for scientific software design. It focuses upon recent developments concerning abstraction of data types, data base management, specification and program verification. A finite element software library has been developed to evaluate the potential of these advances for large-scale scientific and technical software packages. The systematic and pragmatic approach to software design suggested by the ATES method may help software engineers to increase the quality of industrial software, by using on a wider scale abstract programming languages and compliance checking techniques.
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This book describes the design philosophy and concepts of a novel distributed fault-tolerant architecture developed by the Delta-4 project, a five-nation, thirteen-partner project investigating the achievement of dependability in open distributed systems, including real-time systems. The architecture features a dependable communication system using standard local area network technology, a distributed object-oriented application support environment, use of multicast or group communication protocols, and built-in support for user-transparent fault-tolerance. The book opens with an overview of the architecture and its objectives, then describes the concepts of dependability, real-time and distributed fault-tolerance and the design of each of the major architectural components, including the Delta-4 applications support environment and the open and extra performance variants of the architecture. Work is described in the field of security, on intrusion-tolerance and tolerance of software design faults by diversified design. Finally, there is an overview of the validation activities carried out on the architecture.
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This volume summarizes the results obtained by the groupworking on softwarefault tolerance within the REQUEST(Reliability and Quality of European Software Technology)project of the ESPRIT programme of the European Communities. It should be read by anyone with a professional interest insafety-critical and fault-tolerant computing. A generic model is developed for evaluating the reliabilityof fault-tolerant software systems. Emphasis is put onidentification of problem areas in the development andassessment of fault-tolerant software systems and in thecomponents. Examples of crucial failures are those ofdiverse versions due to a common cause, or failures in theadjudicator which acts on outputs of diverse versions. Thecauses for common failures of versions are similarities inthe solutions of specified problems. Methods were developedto determine similarity among versions by means ofwell-known software engineering methods. Concerningadjudicators, the influences of several factors on failuredetection capability are discussed and guidelines are givenfor optimal design. A methodology is developed to determinedissimilarity on the level of diverse specifications.Cost-based support is given for deciding whether diversityshould be used in a software system or a single programshouldbe enhanced by additional verification effort.
Natural Language and Graphics Interface
Results and Perspectives from the ACORD Project
Häftad, Engelska, 1992
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This book presents results from the "ESPRIT Project 393" "Construction and Interrogation of Knowledge Bases Using Natural Language Text and Graphics" (ACORD). The project involved more that 50 people over five years, and included industrial and academic partners from three countries. The main result of the project is a highly sophisticated human-machine interface allowing the construction and interrogation of a common knowledge base in English, French, and German, using both natural language and graphics. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the project. Chapters 2-4 develop specific issues concerning the grammar models used (functional grammars and unification categorical grammars). Chapter 5 discusses anaphora resolution and chapter 6 text generation. Chapter 7 explains the integration of text and graphics, and chapter 8 discusses the knowledge base module. The contributors are theoretically oriented and strongly concerned with generalization and the underlying background of potential further developments.
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The ESPRIT II project 2001 SPRITE (Storage, Processing and Retrieval of Information in a Technical Environment) developed a prototype of an integrated system for production and maintenance of technical documentation. SPRITE provides authors and managers with an information management system supporting direct access to the complete information environment, ranging from documents stored in the internal database, over paper-based information (such as drawings and reports), to electronic CAD files and external databases. This book summarizes important aspects of the system, including document architecture, organization of the document space, versioning, multiauthoring, scanning and recognition of paper documents, and integration of data stored on external media. For each of these aspects, solutions developed in the SPRITE project are presented at both conceptual and technical levels.
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The ESPRIT project SACODY, carried out between 1987 and 1991, has comprehensively studied the problems linked with the control of lightweight robots. It has succeeded in demonstrating how the implementation of computer aided testing and dynamic modelling techniques enables the improvement of the accuracy of industrial robots while increasing their operational speed. Starting from a background mainly addressing large structures developed for space applications, it has succeeded in transferring and applying a spatial control concept into the field of industrial robotics. This volume reports the achievements of the project, which was carried out by leading experts from industry and academia within the framework of the first phase of ESPRIT, the European strategic programme for research and development in information technology of the Commission of the European Communities. SACODY is a French acronym for project 1561, the English title of which is "A high performance Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) robot with on-line dynamic compensation".
IMPPACT Reference Model
An Approach to Integrated Product and Process Modelling for Discrete Parts Manufacturing
Häftad, Engelska, 1993
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This book covers the various aspects of the development of an integrated product and process modelling system using advanced computer technologies. It describes languages and methodologies for developing an information reference model, system architectures, a link with emerging new standards such as ISO/STEP and CIM/OSA, and a new approach for the definition of model semantics. It discusses practical aspects of the usage and integration of computer aided design, planning and production systems, and shows how the reference model can be applied. Concrete practical examples are given for two demonstration parts: a sheet metal part and a ship propeller blade. Much attention has been devoted to making the subject matter easy to understand for a wide audience. The reference model is presented in easy-to-grasp chunks in a graphical, informal way, and many figures support the text. The reader should gain a clear impression of the various technical aspects of CIM systems using modern techniques corresponding to emerging new standards. Aspects of future systems are also included.
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The efficiency of enterprise operation is seriouslyconstrained by the inability to provide the rightinformation, in the right place, at the righttime. It isstill difficult to access information used or produced bydifferent applications, due to the hardware and softwareincompatibilities of manufacturing and informationprocessing equipment. It is the aim of the ESPRIT projectAMICE (European Computer Integrated ManufacturingArchitecture) to make the enterprise knowledge baseavailable enterprise-wide. This book reports work carried out in the framework of theESPRIT project AMICE on CIMOSA (Open System Architecture forComputer Integrated Manufacturing). CIMOSA provides a newapproach for enterprise modelling. It is based on areference architecture for common and consistent enterprisedescription, a system lifecycle definition focusing onmodel maintenance and update rather than model creation, andan integrating infrastructure for model engineering andexecution that enables enterprise operation control andmonitoring in heterogeneous environments. This second edition significantly extends thespecificationof CIMOSA in several ways.Constructs for modellingresources and organizational aspects and an extendedframeworkfor the integrating infrastructure are presented. A user guide is given for requirements modelling. Case-studyexamples are used to demonstrate templates for CIMOSAmodelling constructs. Finally several AMICE technicalreports address specific subjects.
Del 1 - Research Reports Esprit
Cooperation Among Organizations
The Potential of Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Häftad, Engelska, 1993
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This book reports research conducted in the ESPRIT Exploratory Action PECOS (Perspectives on Cooperative Systems), which investigated requirements for effective Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), with special reference to cooperation among organizations in large projects. The PECOS action included an evaluation of the state of the art in both technological capability and organizational theory and practice. New methodological proposals were made based on two practical contexts. The first was the management of a complex industrial project, the construction of a high-speed train for the Italian railway, which required cooperation among several different branches of public administration. These contexts were studied, applying techniques of enterprise modelling, in order to identify requirements for CSCW systems. The action suggests a methodology which emphasizes the importance of modelling the application context and integrating all tools into a common environment.
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The development of integrated environments for computer-assisted software engineering (CASE) has proven more difficult than expected. The ESPRIT project DAIDA (Advanced Interactive Development of Data-Intensive Applications) has produced the first prototype of a comprehensive systems environment which manages the whole process of information systems development and maintenance as a multi-layered knowledge base with semi-automatic mapping between the layers. Several DAIDA results have had substantial impact on systems development theory and practice: the language Telos and its usage in the ConceptBase system for modeling knowledge about information systems, the modular database programming language DBPL as a theoretical foundation for future object-oriented databases, the integration of knowledge-based analysis and mapping assistants from requirements capture to running code, and a CAD metamodel of information systems processes including support for configuration management and teamwork. The example of a personnel information system is used throughout the book to illustrate the relationships between the different languages, methods, and tools.The book has three main parts, covering "upper CASE" (requirements analysis and its mapping to initial designs), "lower CASE" (transformation of designs into efficient database programmes), and process management. In addition to direct DAIDA results, the book contains contributions from collaborating national and North American projects. The intended audience for the book are practitioners, researchers, and graduate students with an interest in CASE integration for data-intensive information systems.
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The objective of the ESPRIT project COMANDOS (Construction and Management of Distributed Open Systems) is to specify and construct an integrated platform for programming and operating multi-vendor distributed systems. This platform is targeted at applications programmers and system integrators, and aims to reduce the overall cost of the development, maintenance, , and evolution of large distributed applications. This objective was achieved by the development of innovative solutions based on the integration of existing and emerging technologies. For the development of these applications, the COMANDOS platform includes infrastructure supporting: concurrent distributed computations; storage and retrieval of persistent data; use of multiple programming languages including existing languages; reusable and extensible software modules; security and protection of data; on-fine management; and access to pre-existing applications and information systems. The book provides a general presentation of the COMANDOS platform, structured into two parts. The first part provides a user view of the platform and focuses on its functionality, on design choices, and innovative aspects.The second part gives an overview of the implementation of the platform.
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This book is the result of the work of an interdisciplinary group of European researchers who have attempted to create a new fibre communication network concept by exploiting the potential benefits of the optical coherent transmission for local area networks (LANs). The project targeted the development of the necessary building blocks to show the performance and the flexibility built into the proposed concept of a multi-channel ultra-wideband network. The system concept developed within the project associates optical frequency division multiplexing with a suitable network architecture and management techniques to allow very high flexibility and efficiency in handling simultaneous transmission over the network (on each optical frequency) of multiple virtual channels, each operating with information rates ranging from a fraction of a Mb up to more than 160 Mb/s. Specialised applications requiring more than the capacity provided by a single optical channel were to be dealt with by parallel transmission over more than one channel. Another important objective of the system was to make the network open to any future evolution by self-reconfiguration without hardware changes.
Del 1 - Research Reports Esprit
CAD Geometry Data Exchange Using STEP
Realisation of Interface Processors
Häftad, Engelska, 1993
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With increasing demand for data exchange in computer integrated manufacturing, a neutral connection between dissimilar systems is needed. After a few national and European attempts, a worldwide standardization of product data has been developed. Standard ISO 10303 (STEP - STandard for Exchange of Product data) produced in its first version those parts that are relevant for CAD geometrical data. A European consortium of 14 CAD vendors and users was supported by the ESPRIT programme to influence the emerging standard and implement early applications for it. Over the years 1989-1992, project CADEX (CAD geometry data EXchange) worked out application protocols as a contribution to STEP; developed a software toolkit that reads, writes, and manipulates STEP data; and, based on this toolkit, implemented data exchange processors for ten different CAD and FEA systems. This book reports the work done in project CADEX and describes all its results in detail.
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Data fusion, the ability to combine data derived from several sources to provide a coherent characterization of a situation, is a challenging task. There is no unified and proven solution which is applicable in all circumstances, but there are many plausible and useful approaches which can be used to solve particular applications. This volume presents the proceedings of the workshop Data Fusion Applications, hosted in Brussels by the 1992 ESPRIT Conference and Exhibition. It contains 22 papers presenting advanced research results on data fusion together with practical solutions to multisensor data fusion in a wide variety of applications: real-time expert systems; robotics; medical diagnosis and patient surveillance; monitoring and control; marine protection; surveillance and safety in public transportation systems; image processing and interpretation; and environmental monitoring.
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This volume reports the results of ESPRIT project 2463 on Applications Related Graphics and OSI Standards Integration (ARGOSI), running from 1989 to 1992. The objectives of the project were to advance the state of the art in the transfer of graphical information across international networks and to improve the quality of standards In this area. The results of the project presented in this book include: a classification scheme for applications in terms of their requirements for graphics and networking services; an FTAM document type for CGM, which has been submitted for international standardization; contributions to the development of a mapping of the X Windows protocol onto an OSI stack; contributions to the development of an ASI.1 notation for CGM and issues associated with the generation of CGM encodings for this; experience of using CGM and PTAM for a prototype application running over public data networks. The book reports practical experience of an approach to the design and implementation of distributed applications using graphics and networking services in combination.