Springer Monographs in Mathematics – serie

This book introduces the notion of an E-semigroup, a generalization of the known concept of E_O-semigroup. These objects are families of endomorphisms of a von Neumann algebra satisfying certain natural algebraic and continuity conditions. This monograph will be of interest to graduate students and research mathematicians.

-Felix Browder, Rutgers University"The theory of Fixed Points is one of the most powerful tools of modern mathematics. Not only is it used on a daily basis in pure and applied mathematics, but it also serves as a bridge between Analysis and Topology, and provides a very fruitful area of interaction between the two. This book contains a clear, detailed and well-organized presentation of the major results, together with an entertaining set of historical notes and an extensive bibliography describing further developments and applications."-Haim Brezis, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie"In this monograph, no effort has been spared, even to the smallest detail, be it mathematical, historical or bibliographical. In particular, the necessary background materials are generously provided for non-specialists. In fact, the book could even serve as an introduction to algebraic topology among others. It is certain that the book will be a standard work on Fixed Point Theory for many years to come."-Isaac Namioka, University of WashingtonThis monograph gives a carefully worked out account of the most basic principles and applications of the theory of fixed points.Until now, a treatment of many of the discussed topics has been unavailable in book form. The presentation is self-contained and is accessible to a broad spectrum of readers. The main text is complemented by numerous exercises, detailed comments, and a comprehensive bibliography. The first part of this book is based on "Fixed Point Theory I" which was published by PWN, Warsaw in 1982. The second part follows the outline conceived by Andrzej Granas and the late James Dugundji.

The book provides a comprehensive, detailed and self-contained treatment of the fundamental mathematical properties of boundary-value problems related to the Navier-Stokes equations. These properties include existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions in bounded as well as unbounded domains. Whenever the domain is unbounded, the asymptotic behavior of solutions is also investigated. This book is the new edition of the original two volume book, under the same title, published in 1994.In this new edition, the two volumes have merged into one and two more chapters on steady generalized oseen flow in exterior domains and steady Navier–Stokes flow in three-dimensional exterior domains have been added. Most of the proofs given in the previous edition were also updated.An introductory first chapter describes all relevant questions treated in the book and lists and motivates a number of significant and still open questions. It is written in an expository style so as to be accessible also to non-specialists.Each chapter is preceded by a substantial, preliminary discussion of the problems treated, along with their motivation and the strategy used to solve them. Also, each chapter ends with a section dedicated to alternative approaches and procedures, as well as historical notes. The book contains more than 400 stimulating exercises, at different levels of difficulty, that will help the junior researcher and the graduate student to gradually become accustomed with the subject. Finally, the book is endowed with a vast bibliography that includes more than 500 items. Each item brings a reference to the section of the book where it is cited. The book will be useful to researchers and graduate students in mathematics in particular mathematical fluid mechanics and differential equations.Review of First Edition, First Volume:“The emphasis of this book is on an introduction to the mathematical theory of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations. It is written in thestyle of a textbook and is essentially self-contained. The problems are presented clearly and in an accessible manner. Every chapter begins with a good introductory discussion of the problems considered, and ends with interesting notes on different approaches developed in the literature. Further, stimulating exercises are proposed. (Mathematical Reviews, 1995)

Discoveries in finite semigroups have influenced several mathematical fields, including theoretical computer science, tropical algebra via matrix theory with coefficients in semirings, and other areas of modern algebra. This comprehensive, encyclopedic text will provide the reader - from the graduate student to the researcher/practitioner – with a detailed understanding of modern finite semigroup theory, focusing in particular on advanced topics on the cutting edge of research.Key features: (1) Develops q-theory, a new theory that provides a unifying approach to finite semigroup theory via quantization; (2) Contains the only contemporary exposition of the complete theory of the complexity of finite semigroups; (3) Introduces spectral theory into finite semigroup theory; (4) Develops the theory of profinite semigroups from first principles, making connections with spectra of Boolean algebras of regular languages; (5) Presents over 70 research problems, most new, and hundreds of exercises.Additional features: (1) For newcomers, an appendix on elementary finite semigroup theory; (2) Extensive bibliography and index.The q-theory of Finite Semigroups presents important techniques and results, many for the first time in book form, and thereby updates and modernizes the literature of semigroup theory.

This book considers problems of optimization arising in the design of electromagnetic radiators and receivers. The authors develop a systematic general theory that can be applied to a wide class of structures. The theory is illustrated with familiar, simple examples and indications of how the results can be applied to more complicated structures. The final chapter introduces techniques from multicriteria optimization in antenna design. The material is intended for a dual audience of mathematicians and mathematically-sophisticated engineers. References to both the mathematics and engineering literature help guide the reader through the necessary mathematical background.

This book covers the following three topics in a manner accessible to graduate students who have an understanding of algebraic number theory and scheme theoretic algebraic geometry:1. An elementary construction of Shimura varieties as moduli of abelian schemes2. p-adic deformation theory of automorphic forms on Shimura varieties3. A simple proof of irreducibility of the generalized Igusa tower over the Shimura varietyThe book starts with a detailed study of elliptic and Hilbert modular forms and reaches to the forefront of research of Shimura varieties associated with general classical groups. The method of constructing p-adic analytic families and the proof of irreducibility was recently discovered by the author. The area covered in this book is now a focal point of research worldwide with many far-reaching applications that have led to solutions of longstanding problems and conjectures. Specifically, the use of p-adic elliptic and Hilbert modular forms have proven essential in recent breakthroughs in number theory (for example, the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and the Shimura-Taniyama conjecture by A. Wiles and others).Haruzo Hida is Professor of Mathematics at University of California, Los Angeles. His previous books include Modular Forms and Galois Cohomology (Cambridge University Press 2000) and Geometric Modular Forms and Elliptic Curves (World Scientific Publishing Company 2000).

This book uses techniques of Fourier series and functional analysis to deal with certain problems in differential equations. The Fourier series and functional analysis are merely tools; the authors' real interest lies in the differential equations that they study. It has been known since 1967 that a wide variety of sets {ewikt of complex exponential functions play an important role in the control theory of systems governed by partial differential equations. However, this book is the first serious attempt to gather all of the available theory of these "nonharmonic Fourier series" in one place, combining published results with new results by the authors, to create a unique source of such material for practicing applied mathematicians, engineers and other scientific professionals.

In this regard, we refer to the works of Pironneau [1984], Haslinger and Neittaanmaki [1988], [1996], Sokolowski and Zolksio [1992], Litvinov [2000], Allaire [2001], Mohammadi and Pironneau [2001], Delfour and Zolksio [2001], and Makinen and Haslinger [2003].

This monograph focuses primarily on nonsmooth variational problems that arise from boundary value problems with nonsmooth data and/or nonsmooth constraints, such as multivalued elliptic problems, variational inequalities, hemivariational inequalities, and their corresponding evolution problems. It provides a systematic and unified exposition of comparison principles based on a suitably extended sub-supersolution method.

General relativity is the modern theory of the gravitational ?eld. It is a deep subject that couples ?uid dynamics to the geometry of spacetime through the Einstein equations. The subject has seen a resurgence of interest recently, partlybecauseofthespectacularsatellitedatathatcontinuestoshednewlight on the nature of the universe. . . Einstein’s theory of gravity is still the basic theorywehavetodescribetheexpandinguniverseofgalaxies. ButtheEinstein equations are of great physical, mathematical and intellectual interest in their own right. They are the granddaddy of all modern ?eld equations, being the ?rst to describe a ?eld by curvature, an idea that has impacted all of physics, and that revolutionized the modern theory of elementary particles. In these noteswedescribeamathematicaltheoryofshockwavepropagationingeneral relativity. Shock waves are strong fronts that propagate in ?uids, and across which there is a rapid change in density, pressure and velocity, and they can bedescribedmathematicallybydiscontinuitiesacrosswhichmass,momentum and energy are conserved. In general relativity, shock waves carry with them a discontinuity in spacetime curvature. The main object of these notes is to introduce and analyze a practical method for numerically computing shock waves in spherically symmetric spacetimes. The method is locally inertial in thesensethatthecurvatureissetequaltozeroineachlocalgridcell. Although it formally appears that the method introduces singularities at shocks, the arguments demonstrate that this is not the case. The third author would like to dedicate these notes to his father, Paul Blake Temple, who piqued the author’s interest in Einstein’s theory when he was a young boy, and whose interest and encouragement has been an inspirationthroughout his adult life.

This book is meant for an audience of advanced undergraduates and graduate students taking courses on the statistical mechanics approach to turbulent ?ows and on stochastic simulations. It is also suitable for the self-study of professionals involved in the research and modelling of large scale stochastic ?uid ?ows with a substantial vortical component. Several related ideas motivate the approach in this book, namely, the application of equilibrium statistical mechanics to two-dimensional and 2- dimensional ?uid ?ows in the spirit of Onsager [337], and Kraichnan [227], is taken to be a valid starting point, and the primary importance of non-linear convection e?ects combined with the gravitational and rotational properties of large scale strati?ed ?ows over the secondary e?ects of viscosity is assumed. The latter point is corroborated by the many successful studies of ?uid v- cosity which limit its e?ects to speci?c and narrow regions such as boundary layers, and to the initial and transient phases of the experiment such as in the Ekman layer and spin-up [154] [344].

This is the first of two books on methods and techniques in the calculus of variations. Contemporary arguments are used throughout the text to streamline and present in a unified way classical results, and to provide novel contributions at the forefront of the theory. This book addresses fundamental questions related to lower semicontinuity and relaxation of functionals within the unconstrained setting, mainly in L^p spaces. It prepares the ground for the second volume where the variational treatment of functionals involving fields and their derivatives will be undertaken within the framework of Sobolev spaces. This book is self-contained. All the statements are fully justified and proved, with the exception of basic results in measure theory, which may be found in any good textbook on the subject. It also contains several exercises. Therefore,it may be used both as a graduate textbook as well as a reference text for researchers in the field. Irene Fonseca is the Mellon College of Science Professor of Mathematics and is currently the Director of the Center for Nonlinear Analysis in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University.Her research interests lie in the areas of continuum mechanics, calculus of variations, geometric measure theory and partial differential equations. Giovanni Leoni is also a professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University. He focuses his research on calculus of variations, partial differential equations and geometric measure theory with special emphasis on applications to problems in continuum mechanics and in materials science.

The worthy purpose of this text is to provide a complete, self-contained development of the trace formula and theta inversion formula for SL(2,Z[i])\SL(2,C). Unlike other treatments of the theory, the approach taken here is to begin with the heat kernel on SL(2,C) associated to the invariant Laplacian, which is derived using spherical inversion. The heat kernel on the quotient space SL(2,Z[i])\SL(2,C) is arrived at through periodization, and further expanded in an eigenfunction expansion. A theta inversion formula is obtained by studying the trace of the heat kernel. Following the author's previous work, the inversion formula then leads to zeta functions through the Gauss transform.

Since the term “random ?eld’’ has a variety of different connotations, ranging from agriculture to statistical mechanics, let us start by clarifying that, in this book, a random ?eld is a stochastic process, usually taking values in a Euclidean space, and de?ned over a parameter space of dimensionality at least 1. Consequently, random processes de?ned on countable parameter spaces will not 1 appear here. Indeed, even processes on R will make only rare appearances and, from the point of view of this book, are almost trivial. The parameter spaces we like best are manifolds, although for much of the time we shall require no more than that they be pseudometric spaces. With this clari?cation in hand, the next thing that you should know is that this book will have a sequel dealing primarily with applications. In fact, as we complete this book, we have already started, together with KW (Keith Worsley), on a companion volume [8] tentatively entitled RFG-A,or Random Fields and Geometry: Applications. The current volume—RFG—concentrates on the theory and mathematical background of random ?elds, while RFG-A is intended to do precisely what its title promises. Once the companion volume is published, you will ?nd there not only applications of the theory of this book, but of (smooth) random ?elds in general.

A book on any mathematical subject above textbook level is not of much value unless it contains new ideas and new perspectives. Also, the author may be encouraged to include new results, provided that they help the reader gain newinsightsandarepresentedalongwithknownoldresultsinaclearexposition. Itis with this philosophy that Iwrite this volume. The two subjects, Dirichlet series and modular forms, are traditional, but I treat them in both orthodox and unorthodox ways. However, I try to make the book accessible to those who are not familiar with such topics, by including plenty of expository material. More speci?c descriptions of the contents will be given in the Introduction. To some extent, this book has a supplementary nature to my previous book Introduction to the Arithmetic Theory of Automorphic Functions, published by Princeton University Press in 1971, though I do not write the present book with that intent. While the 1971 book grew out of my lectures in various places, the essential points of this new book have never been presented publicly or privately. I hope that it will draw an audience as large as that of the previous book.

For every mathematician, ring theory and K-theory are intimately connected: al- braic K-theory is largely the K-theory of rings. At ?rst sight, polytopes, by their very nature, must appear alien to surveyors of this heartland of algebra. But in the presence of a discrete structure, polytopes de?ne a?ne monoids, and, in their turn, a?ne monoids give rise to monoid algebras. Teir spectra are the building blocks of toric varieties, an area that has developed rapidly in the last four decades. From a purely systematic viewpoint, "monoids" should therefore replace "po- topes" in the title of the book. However, such a change would conceal the geometric ?avor that we have tried to preserve through all chapters. Before delving into a description of the contents we would like to mention three general features of the book: (?) the exhibiting of interactions of convex geometry, ring theory, and K-theory is not the only goal; we present some of the central results in each of these ?elds; (?) the exposition is of constructive (i. e., algorithmic) nature at many places throughout the text-there is no doubt that one of the driving forces behind the current popularity of combinatorial geometry is the quest for visualization and computation; (?) despite the large amount of information from various ?elds, we have strived to keep the polytopal perspective as the major organizational principle.

This book is a monograph on unitals embedded in ?nite projective planes. Unitals are an interesting structure found in square order projective planes, and numerous research articles constructing and discussing these structures have appeared in print. More importantly, there still are many open pr- lems, and this remains a fruitful area for Ph.D. dissertations. Unitals play an important role in ?nite geometry as well as in related areas of mathematics. For example, unitals play a parallel role to Baer s- planes when considering extreme values for the size of a blocking set in a square order projective plane (see Section 2.3). Moreover, unitals meet the upper bound for the number of absolute points of any polarity in a square order projective plane (see Section 1.5). From an applications point of view, the linear codes arising from unitals have excellent technical properties (see 2 Section 6.4). The automorphism group of the classical unitalH =H(2,q ) is 2-transitive on the points ofH, and so unitals are of interest in group theory. In the ?eld of algebraic geometry over ?nite ?elds,H is a maximal curve that contains the largest number of F -rational points with respect to its genus, 2 q as established by the Hasse-Weil bound.

This self-contained text is an excellent introduction to Lie groups and their actions on manifolds. The authors start with an elementary discussion of matrix groups, followed by chapters devoted to the basic structure and representation theory of finite dimensinal Lie algebras. They then turn to global issues, demonstrating the key issue of the interplay between differential geometry and Lie theory. Special emphasis is placed on homogeneous spaces and invariant geometric structures. The last section of the book is dedicated to the structure theory of Lie groups. Particularly, they focus on maximal compact subgroups, dense subgroups, complex structures, and linearity.This text is accessible to a broad range of mathematicians and graduate students; it will be useful both as a graduate textbook and as a research reference.

It features three chapters dealing with point distributions on the sphere, including an extensive treatment of Delsarte–Yudin–Levenshtein linearprogramming methods for lower bounding energy, a thorough treatment of Cohn–Kumar universality, and a comparison of 'popular methods' for uniformly distributing points on the two-dimensional sphere.

How to solve partial differential systems by completing the square. This could well have been the title of this monograph as it grew into a project to develop a s- tematic approach for associating suitable nonnegative energy functionals to a large class of partial differential equations (PDEs) and evolutionary systems. The minima of these functionals are to be the solutions we seek, not because they are critical points (i. e. , from the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations) but from also - ing zeros of these functionals. The approach can be traced back to Bogomolnyi's trick of "completing squares" in the basic equations of quantum eld theory (e. g. , Yang-Mills, Seiberg-Witten, Ginzburg-Landau, etc. ,), which allows for the deri- tion of the so-called self (or antiself) dual version of these equations. In reality, the "self-dual Lagrangians" we consider here were inspired by a variational - proach proposed - over 30 years ago - by Brezis ' and Ekeland for the heat equation and other gradient ows of convex energies. It is based on Fenchel-Legendre - ality and can be used on any convex functional - not just quadratic ones - making them applicable in a wide range of problems.In retrospect, we realized that the "- ergy identities" satis ed by Leray's solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations are also another manifestation of the concept of self-duality in the context of evolution equations.

Historically, for metric spaces the quest for universal spaces in dimension theory spanned approximately a century of mathematical research. The history breaks naturally into two periods - the classical (separable metric) and the modern (not-necessarily separable metric).The classical theory is now well documented in several books. This monograph is the first book to unify the modern theory from 1960-2007. Like the classical theory, the modern theory fundamentally involves the unit interval.Unique features include:* The use of graphics to illustrate the fractal view of these spaces;* Lucid coverage of a range of topics including point-set topology and mapping theory, fractal geometry, and algebraic topology;* A final chapter contains surveys and provides historical context for related research that includes other imbedding theorems, graph theory, and closed imbeddings;* Each chapter contains a comment section that provides historical context with references that serve as a bridge to the literature.This monograph will be useful to topologists, to mathematicians working in fractal geometry, and to historians of mathematics. Being the first monograph to focus on the connection between generalized fractals and universal spaces in dimension theory, it will be a natural text for graduate seminars or self-study - the interested reader will find many relevant open problems which will create further research into these topics.

The purpose of this book is to present modern developments and applications of the techniques of modulus or extremal length of path families in the study of m- n pings in R , n? 2, and in metric spaces. The modulus method was initiated by Lars Ahlfors and Arne Beurling to study conformal mappings. Later this method was extended and enhanced by several other authors. The techniques are geom- ric and have turned out to be an indispensable tool in the study of quasiconformal and quasiregular mappings as well as their generalizations. The book is based on rather recent research papers and extends the modulus method beyond the classical applications of the modulus techniques presented in many monographs. Helsinki O. Martio Donetsk V. Ryazanov Haifa U. Srebro Holon E. Yakubov 2007 Contents 1 Introduction and Notation ...1 2 Moduli and Capacity ...7 2. 1 Introduction ...7 2. 2 Moduli in Metric Spaces...7 2. 3 Conformal Modulus ...11 2. 4 Geometric De nition for Quasiconformality ...13 2. 5 Modulus Estimates ...14 2. 6 Upper Gradients and ACC Functions ...17 p n 2. 7 ACC Functions in R and Capacity...21 p 2. 8 Linear Dilatation ...25 2. 9 Analytic De nition for Quasiconformality...31 n 2.10 R as a Loewner Space ...34 2. 11 Quasisymmetry ...40 3 Moduli and Domains ...47 3. 1 Introduction ...47 3. 2 QED Exceptional Sets ...48 3. 3 QED Domains and Their Properties ...52 3. 4 UniformandQuasicircleDomains ...

In the study of mathematical models that arise in the context of concrete - plications, the following two questions are of fundamental importance: (i) we- posedness of the model, including existence and uniqueness of solutions; and (ii) qualitative properties of solutions. A positive answer to the ?rst question, - ing of prime interest on purely mathematical grounds, also provides an important test of the viability of the model as a description of a given physical phenomenon. An answer or insight to the second question provides a wealth of information about the model, hence about the process it describes. Of particular interest are questions related to long-time behavior of solutions. Such an evolution property cannot be v- i?ed empirically, thus any in a-priori information about the long-time asymptotics can be used in predicting an ultimate long-time response and dynamical behavior of solutions. In recent years, this set of investigations has attracted a great deal of attention. Consequent efforts have then resulted in the creation and infusion of new methods and new tools that have been responsible for carrying out a successful an- ysis of long-time behavior of several classes of nonlinear PDEs.

A large number of physical phenomena are modeled by nonlinear partialdifferential equations, subject to appropriate initial/ boundary conditions; theseequations, in general, do not admit exact solution. The present monograph givesconstructive mathematical techniques which bring out large time behavior ofsolutions of these model equations. These approaches, in conjunction with moderncomputational methods, help solve physical problems in a satisfactory manner. Theasymptotic methods dealt with here include self-similarity, balancing argument,and matched asymptotic expansions. The physical models discussed in some detailhere relate to porous media equation, heat equation with absorption, generalizedFisher's equation, Burgers equation and its generalizations. A chapter each isdevoted to nonlinear diffusion and fluid mechanics. The present book will be founduseful by applied mathematicians, physicists, engineers and biologists, and wouldconsiderably help understand diverse natural phenomena.

Functional Equations and Inequalities with Applications presents a comprehensive, nearly encyclopedic, study of the classical topic of functional equations. Nowadays, the field of functional equations is an ever-growing branch of mathematics with far-reaching applications; it is increasingly used to investigate problems in mathematical analysis, combinatorics, biology, information theory, statistics, physics, the behavioral sciences, and engineering.This self-contained monograph explores all aspects of functional equations and their applications to related topics, such as differential equations, integral equations, the Laplace transformation, the calculus of finite differences, and many other basic tools in analysis. Each chapter examines a particular family of equations and gives an in-depth study of its applications as well as examples and exercises to support the material.The book is intended as a reference tool for any student, professional (researcher), or mathematician studying in a field where functional equations can be applied. It can also be used as a primary text in a classroom setting or for self-study. Finally, it could be an inspiring entrée into an active area of mathematical exploration for engineers and other scientists who would benefit from this careful, rigorous exposition.

Harish-Chandra's general Plancherel inversion theorem admits a much shorter presentation for spherical functions. The authors have taken into account contributions by Helgason, Gangolli, Rosenberg, and Anker from the mid-1960s to 1990. Anker's simplification of spherical inversion on the Harish-Chandra Schwartz space had not yet made it into a book exposition. Previous expositions have dealt with a general, wide class of Lie groups. This has made access to the subject difficult for outsiders, who may wish to connect some aspects with several if not all other parts of mathematics, and do so in specific cases of intrinsic interest. The essential features of Harish-Chandra theory are exhibited on SLn(R), but hundreds of pages of background can be replaced by short direct verifications. The material becomes accessible to graduate students with especially no background in Lie groups and representation theory. Spherical inversion is sufficient to deal with the heat kernel, which is at the center of the authors' current research. The book will serve as a self-contained background for parts of this research.

This book is on soliton solutions of elliptical partial differential equations arising in quantum field theory, such as vortices, instantons, monopoles, dyons, and cosmic strings. The book presents in-depth description of the problems of current interest, forging a link between mathematical analysis and physics and seeking to stimulate further research in the area. Physically, it touches the major branches of field theory: classical mechanics, special relativity, Maxwell equations, superconductivity, Yang-Mills gauge theory, general relativity, and cosmology. Mathematically, it involves Riemannian geometry, Lie groups and Lie algebras, algebraic topology (characteristic classes and homotropy) and emphasizes modern nonlinear functional analysis. There are many interesting and challenging problems in the area of classical field theory, and while this area has long been of interest to algebraists, geometers, and topologists, it has gradually begun to attract the attention of more analysts. This book written for researchers and graduate students will appeal to high-energy and condensed-matter physicists, mathematicians, and mathematical scientists.

Multi-parameter processes extend the existing one-parameter theory in an elegant way and have many applications to other fields in mathematics such as real analysis, functional analysis, group theory, and analytic number theory, to name a few. This book on the vast and rapidly developing subject of random fields is designed for a second graduate course in probability. Recent work on random fields has made it possible to make it an expository subject which interacts with several other areas in mathematics and has enough mathematical depth to be of use to pure as well as applied mathematicians of many backgrounds.

The largest part of this book is devoted to normal forms, divided into semisimple theory, applied when the linear part is diagonalizable, and the general theory, applied when the linear part is the sum of the semisimple and nilpotent matrices. One of the objectives of this book is to develop all of the necessary theory 'from scratch' in just the form that is needed for the application to normal forms, with as little unnecessary terminology as possible. The intended audience is Ph.D. students and researchers in applied mathematics, theoretical physics, and advanced engineering, though in principle it could be read by anyone with a sufficient background in linear algebra and differential equations.