Theories of Psychotherapy Series® – serie

This book presents essential background necessary for understanding the role of theory in psychotherapy practice, and shows how understanding psychotherapy theory is the first step to becoming an effective therapist.The author provides a thorough but concise overview of the history of psychotherapy, the evolution of psychotherapy theories, and research on the effectiveness of various psychotherapies in general practice and for treatment of specific common disorders.The Basics of Psychotherapy, now in its second edition, is an accessible, handy resource for students training to be psychotherapists and practitioners seeking to reevaluate theories and corresponding therapies. As the foundational book in the Theories of Psychotherapy Series, this title may be read first or in combination with other books in the series to establish a thorough understanding of psychotherapy and its variants. This updated second edition incorporates new developments in theory and research, new approaches including advances in culturally sensitive therapy, and updates in the classification of mental illness.

In Family Therapy, William J. Doherty and Susan H. McDaniel discuss the history, theory, and practice of this systems-oriented therapy. There are many different types of family therapy, but at the heart of each is systems theory, a model that arose from the fields of biology, physics, chemistry, and cybernetics. The main clinical precept of family systems theory is that individual problems must be understood within their larger family and environmental systems, which often provide the key to successful treatment. Family therapy provides a way of thinking in systemic, relational terms, and a set of strategies for intervening with individuals, couples, families, and other systems. Whether the client is a large family or a single person, family therapy focuses on changing relational interactions.In addition to this relationship focus, family therapy considers biological, environmental, and cultural influences on the client. Ultimately, this systemic way of thinking-essentially a model for understanding the complex relations that make up the world-can help therapists of all orientations in their practice.In this book, Dr. Doherty and Dr. McDaniel present and explore this approach, its theory, history, the therapy process, primary change mechanisms, empirical basis, and future developments. This essential primer to family therapy, amply illustrated with case examples, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counselling as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding this approach.

In Person-Centered Psychotherapies, David J. Cain discusses the history, theory, research and practice of this seminal approach whose basic premises have influenced the practice of most therapeutic systems.Person-centered therapy, also called client-centered therapy, was created by Carl Rogers almost 7 years ago. In polls of psychotherapists conducted in 982 and 2 7, Carl Rogers was voted the most influential psychotherapist in history. His original approach gave rise to a number of variations on the original, all of which may be classified as person-centered psychotherapies because of their basis in Rogers' core therapeutic conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence.This model emphasizes the client amp ndash therapist relationship, focusing on how the quality of moment-to-moment engagement between therapist and client can create optimal conditions for client growth. Person-centered therapies view clients as resourceful persons capable finding their own directions and solutions for their problems, and a fundamental value of the person-centered therapist is to honor and preserve the client's autonomy and choice.In this book, Dr. Cain presents and explores person-centered psychotherapy, its theory, history, therapy process, primary change mechanisms, the empirical basis for its effectiveness, and contemporary developments that have refined theory and expanded how it may be practiced. In recent years dialogical, experiential, existential and expressive-creative influences have been integrated in practice. This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding how it has evolved in recent decades.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy provides an introduction to the theory, history, research, and practice of this effective, empirically validated approach. Gerald L. Klerman and Myrna M. Weissman initially created interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) as a brief approach for treating depression, but it has since been adapted for use with a wide variety of client presenting problems and in longer-term situations. This approach focuses on the interaction between interpersonal dysfunction and psychological symptoms. IPT is founded on the idea that humans are social beings, thus client personal relationships lie at the center of presenting problems and psychological states.Although grounded in a medical model, which is used to conceptualize the client's presenting problem, the primary basis for this approach lies in an interpersonal modification of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Therapy is present-focused, but aspects of attachment theory are used to analyze how past relationships affect current relationships. Therapists applying IPT take an active stance, continually and supportively guiding the sessions to maintain focus on one of four interpersonal problem areas: unresolved grief, role transitions, role disputes, or interpersonal deficits.In this book, Frank and Levenson present and explore this versatile and useful approach, its theory, history, therapy process, primary change mechanisms, the empirical basis for its effectiveness, and contemporary developments that have refined the theory and expanded how it may be practiced. This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling, as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding how this approach has evolved and how it might be used in their practice.

In Reality Therapy, Robert E. Wubbolding explores the history, theory, research, and practice of this choice-focused approach to psychotherapy. William Glasser first developed the ideas behind reality therapy in the 95 s and 9 s when he formulated the basis of choice theory, which concerns the way human beings choose their own behavior and how these choices can either satisfy or not satisfy basic drives and goals. Using this theoretical basis, reality therapy helps clients to learn to be more aware of their choices and how these choices may be inefficient in achieving their goals. Framing behavior as a choice, a choice made by client's internal control, leads clients to feel more responsible and in command of their lives. Reality therapy is structured around the WDEP system (wants, doing, evaluation, and planning): The reality therapist works with clients to explore their wants and what they are doing to achieve those wants, evaluating whether what they are doing is helpful or harmful to their goals, and finally helping the client plan ways to change their behavior.In this book, Wubbolding presents and explores this approach, its theory, history, therapy process, primary change mechanisms, the empirical basis for its effectiveness, and contemporary and future developments. This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling, as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding how this approach has evolved and how it might be used in their practice.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy examines the therapy amp rsquo s history and process, evaluates the therapy's evidence base and effectiveness, and suggests future directions in the therapy amp rsquo s development.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a unique empirically based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness processes, and commitment and behavior change processes to produce psychological flexibility. Steven C. Hayes, who helped develop ACT, and co-author Jason Lillis provide an overview of ACT amp rsquo s main influences and its basic principles.In this succinct and understandable survey, the authors show how ACT illuminates the ways that language encourages unhelpful skirmishing in clients amp rsquo psychic lives, and how to use ACT to help clients accept private experiences, become more mindful of thoughts, develop greater clarity about personal values, and commit to needed behavior change.

Gestalt Therapy provides an introduction to the theory, historical evolution, research, and practice of this process-oriented approach to psychotherapy.Gestalt therapy arose as a reaction to psychodynamism and behaviorism, the dominant approaches of the mid-twentieth century.  Its major tenets - a rejection of traditional notions of objectivity, a radical (for the time) focus on building rapport between therapist and client as a relationship of equals, careful attention to the bodily sensations that accompany strong emotions, and a guiding belief in the therapy room as a problem-solving laboratory in which experimental approaches towards interpersonal relations can be attempted in a safe setting - have been widely incorporated into a broad range of approaches today.Open-ended and inquisitive rather than a rigid, manualized set of techniques, Gestalt is a set of guiding principles that inspire an active, present-focused, relational stance on the part of the therapist. This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling, as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding how this approach has evolved and how it might be used in their own practice.

This concise and engaging primer​ helps beginning therapists systematically organize their thoughts and ideas about a client, using an evidence-based approach to case formulation.Formulating cases is an essential component of psychotherapy training and practice. Yet beginning therapists often struggle to organize their ideas about the client and apply theory to the case. This book is based on the author amp rsquo s extensive experience teaching case formulation to graduate students. It describes a highly adaptable and evidence-based framework for conceptualizing clients and planning treatment. Applicable to both simple and complex cases, the model can be used regardless of one amp rsquo s theoretical orientation. Readers are introduced to basic concepts that include the benefits of case formulation, sound decision-making, and the importance of cultural considerations, and then are led step-by-step through the action-oriented components of the model.This book is an indispensable aid for novice and experienced therapists seeking to develop and improve upon this core competency.

Emotion-Focused Therapy provides an introduction to the theory, history, research, and practice of this emotion-centered, humanistic approach to psychotherapy.Emotion-focused therapy is a complete theory of human functioning based on the adaptive role of emotion and founded on the idea that emotional change is central to enduring change. This therapy emphasizes the awareness, acceptance, understanding, and transformation of emotion, and proposes that emotions themselves have an adaptive potential that, if activated, can help clients to change. Emotion-focused therapists help clients to experience their emotions in the safe setting of therapy so that, rather than avoiding or controlling their feelings, clients learn to use them as a guide to what is important or necessary in their lives.In this book, Leslie S. Greenberg presents and explores this versatile and useful approach, its theory, history, therapy process, primary change mechanisms, the empirical basis for its effectiveness, and recent developments that have refined the theory and expanded how it may be practiced. This revised edition includes a wealth of recent research findings on important constructs such as emotional needs, as well as new developments in the use of emotion-focused therapy in treating anxiety disorders.

Adlerian Psychotherapy provides an introduction and overview of the theory, history, research, and practice of this person-centered approach to psychotherapy.  From cognitive-behavioral, to existential, phenomenological, schema, and humanistic therapies, the ideas of Alfred Adler are at the heart of many contemporary approaches to psychotherapy.  In some ways, however, Adler amp rsquo s ubiquity has made him invisible.  In Adler amp rsquo s view, all behavior has social meaning, and the socio-cultural context of a person amp rsquo s life is a driving influence on his or her mental health and life experiences. With his emphasis on social interest--a sense of belonging to and participating in the common good--Adler envisioned a psychology of growth, where people could strive to overcome difficulties and change their lives under their own power.  Counseling and psychotherapy must therefore encourage the client to master the core tasks of life: work, friendship, and love-intimacy.While amp ldquo classic amp rdquo Adlerian psychotherapy is rarely practiced nowadays, the authors present a modern interpretation that is consistent with today's short-term therapeutic approaches, and can be used with individuals, couples, or families.

In this revised edition of Cognitive amp ndash Behavioral Therapy, Michelle G. Craske provides vital updated coverage of the literature that explores the theory, history, therapy process, primary change mechanisms, and empirical basis of the approach, as well as likely future developments. This essential primer to cognitive behavioral therapy, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in better understanding this approach.Cognitive amp ndash behavioral therapy (CBT) originated in the science and theory of classical and instrumental conditioning when cognitive principles were adopted following dissatisfaction with a strictly behavioral approach. CBT combines behavioral and cognitive interventions so that, on the behavioral level, practitioners can aim to decrease clients' maladaptive behaviors and increase adaptive ones, and, on the cognitive level, they can aim to modify clients' maladaptive thoughts, self-statements, or beliefs.A large number of variations on the original theory have developed over the decades, but all types of CBT are unified by their empirical foundation, reliance on the theory and science of behavior and cognition, and the centrality of problem-focused goals. In this edition, the author provides vital updated coverage of the literature that explores the therapy process, primary change mechanisms, and empirical basis of the approach, as well as likely future developments.

Hanna Levenson provides an overview of brief dynamic therapy, a time-efficient treatment in which the therapist maintains a focus on specific client goals within a psychodynamic conceptual framework.Common characteristics of these approaches include time management, defined focus, circumscribed goals, active therapist participation, rapid assessment, prompt intervention, an awareness of unconscious processes, and techniques that quickly foster a strong alliance with the client.This concise volume focuses largely on one popular model in particular: time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP). TLDP is an integrative approach that uses techniques from attachment theory, interpersonal neurobiology, affective amp ndash experiential learning, and systems orientations to help clients with long-standing, dysfunctional ways of relating to others. The author explores this integrative, culturally-sensitive approach, its theory, history, the therapy process, primary change mechanisms, empirical basis, and future developments.This revised edition includes updated case examples, as well as a wealth of new research findings - including process-outcome studies - that affirm treatment effectiveness, explain how alliance ruptures are repaired, and new research on the amp quot reconsolidation process amp quot that demonstrates how sudden, dramatic change happens in brief dynamic therapy.

In this second edition of Relational amp ndash Cultural Therapy, Judith V. Jordan returns to explore the history, theory, and practice of relationship centered, culturally oriented psychotherapy.  Western psychological theories generally depict human development as moving from dependence to independence. In contrast, RCT is built on the premise that, throughout the lifespan, human beings grow through and toward connection, and that we need connections to flourish. This theory views isolation, at both individual and cultural levels, as a major source of suffering. The goal of the relational therapist is to deepen the therapeutic relationship and, ultimately, the client amp rsquo s relationships outside of therapy. The client amp rsquo s relational images-positive or negative expectations created by past relationships amp ndash influence current relationships, and a negative image can result in disconnections between people and society.This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples, is perfect for graduate students and seasoned practitioners alike. This new edition highlights new research on the effectiveness of RCT in a variety of real-world situations-such as developing team-building exercises in workplaces, and providing a theoretical frame for an E.U.-sponsored conference on human trafficking.

In this second edition of Career Counseling, Mark L. Savickas updates his influential approach to reflect recent trends in the modern workplace such as telework, the increased use of temporary employees, and the emerging amp quot gig economy. amp quot  Career and vocational guidance have existed since the early 2 th century, and has centered primarily around interest inventories and ways to match individuals to jobs. Savickas discusses and reviews this history as he presents his 2 st century theory of career counseling: a therapeutic form completely different from traditional vocational guidance or career education. Rather than assuming that a person amp rsquo s interests and traits exist a priori and are ready to be matched to a particular career, this narrative approach recognizes the power of the individual to construct their own career story. In this book, Savickas explores his practical approach: its theory, history, therapy process, primary change mechanisms, and the empirical basis for its effectiveness.  This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling, as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding this approach and how it might be used in their practice.

This essential primer, amply illustrated with case examples featuring diverse clients, is perfect for graduate students studying theories of therapy and counseling, as well as for seasoned practitioners interested in understanding how rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) has evolved and how it might be used in their practice.Created in the 95 s by the legendary Albert Ellis, rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) teaches clients to challenge their irrational thinking.  REBT is based on the simple idea that it is not external circumstances that make a person happy or unhappy, but rather internal thoughts about events or oneself. Thinking, feeling, and behavior are seen as linked and influencing one another. Because changing one's thinking is usually the simplest tactic in a given situation, it tends to be the focus of therapy, alongside the humanistic core REBT philosophies of unconditional self-acceptance, unconditional other-acceptance, and unconditional life-acceptance. Because changing one's thinking is usually the simplest tactic in a given situation, it tends to be the focus of therapy, alongside the humanistic core REBT philosophies of unconditional self-acceptance, unconditional other-acceptance, and unconditional life-acceptance.This second edition includes updated clinical research, as well as a thorough examination of the important distinctions between REBT and cognitive-behavior approaches.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy reviews the theoretical underpinnings and practice of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a treatment developed by Marsha Linehan to help complex clients, such as suicidal individuals and those with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and related problems.DBT has proven to be effective with a range of mental health issues that are often difficult to treat, including nonsuicidal self-harm, substance abuse, and eating disorders. DBT is a behavioral treatment that views emotion dysregulation as being the core of BPD and other disorders. Through regular individual therapy, group sessions, and phone coaching, therapists support clients while challenging them to learn more adaptive behaviors for managing their emotions as well as new life skills. In DBT, therapists also support each other by forming consultation teams.In addition to reviewing standard DBT, this book describes its applications and adaptations for various populations and settings. Case material demonstrates how to apply all elements of the DBT process in realistic clinical scenarios.

Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Therapies provides an overview of the history, practice, and ongoing developments in the field of psychoanalysis.As the original theory of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis is often presented as a starting point in psychology theory courses. Yet, many people's understanding of psychoanalysis is limited to the classic Freudian approach. Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Therapies, Second Edition provides an overview of the historical evolution of, and recent advancements in this vital group of theories and approaches to psychotherapy, that have been refined over more than a century of international work by key theorists, researchers, and clinicians.This primer to psychoanalytic approaches, including clinical strategies and case examples illustrating short‑ and long‑term psychoanalytic treatment, is an essential resource for students and trainees interested in learning about psychoanalysis, as well as experienced clinicians seeking to refresh their knowledge. This new edition has been updated to include more contemporary perspectives on identity, diversity, and intersectionality in the context of psychoanalysis, as well as an expanded discussion of defenses, dream interpretation, recent research, and ongoing developments in the field.

In this book, distinguished psychologists Melba J. T. Vasquez and Josephine D. Johnson offer a carefully constructed overview of the history, theory, and practice of multicultural therapy, with case examples and ties to current events that bring the text to life. While multicultural competence in psychotherapy has become part of the mainstream fundamental knowledge and skill set required for effective practice, now more than ever, it requires increased understanding and sophistication on the part of the professional. The multiculturally competent therapist must be prepared to address their own behaviors and cultural assumptions, those of their clients, and the relationship between the two. The book covers the development of multicultural competence and cultivation of cultural humility explores relationships with other major systems of therapy and analyzes its applications, effectiveness, and limitations. Chapters discuss the therapeutic process, integrating multiculturalism and social justice, and multiculturalism in education, training, and professional development.This book pays particular attention to racial and ethnic identities, while additionally exploring the intersectionality of a variety of strands of identity that are also aspects of individuals amp rsquo experiences. The authors emphasize that a commitment to multicultural therapy is inextricably interwoven with a commitment to social justice, which recognizes that living in an unjust system creates many of the problems individuals must address.

In this book, Dr. Shapiro, the originator of this approach, and Dr. Russell, her longtime colleague and collaborator, describe their work and the significant controversy that attended its rise due to EMDR's challenging of traditional cognitive behavioral approaches and mechanisms of change.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is a unique, empirically validated approach that is recommended by the World Health Organization as a "first line treatment for post traumatic stress disorder in adults". EMDR therapy involves working with imagery, cognitions, emotions, somatic sensations, and behaviors that are linked to a disturbing memory, as well as attending to past, current, and future-oriented experiential contributors. Unlike many psychotherapeutic treatments, EMDR does not require prolonged exposure, the direct challenging of beliefs, or numerous sessions to achieve results.The authors describe the theory of EMDR, provide the complete EMDR therapeutic protocol, the evidence base that supports it, and examine practical issues and common challenges related to implementing EMDR in clinical practice.

This book captures solution-focused therapy's essence, which distinguishes it from problem-focused approaches that have dominated the psychotherapy profession for over a century. What do therapists and clients talk about when therapy is effective? The development of solution-focused therapy (SFT) has been guided by the ongoing effort to answer this question. Solution-focused therapy is a collaborative approach that invites clients to describe what they want from therapy and apply the knowledge and skills they already have toward achieving it in the shortest time possible. The three main tasks of solution-focused therapy include setting a direction based on what the client wants from therapy, building on exceptions and other resources that are already happening and available in the client's life, and exploring progress toward desired outcomes. The three main techniques of SFT are asking, listening, and amplifying. When practicing purely solution-focused therapy, the therapist does little outside of these activities.Solution-focused principles and practices reflect the core values, ethical codes, and practice standards of professional associations and licensing boards in psychology, counseling, social work, and other helping professions. SFT has proven useful with persons from a variety of cultures and contexts, and on an array of concerns including trauma, substance misuse, and suicide prevention. It is well suited to the time constraints, third-party requirements, and other practical realities facing today's therapists and clients.

This book examines the history, theory, practice, and empirical evidence for constructive psychotherapy. Human beings exist within a context that is constructed by our language, worldview, and the stories we tell. Alone and in concert with one another, we construct meaningful understandings of the world. Because the invented nature of our reality is so often forgotten or overlooked, we can easily find ourselves trapped in prisons of our own making. Constructive theories are therefore useful to psychotherapists, who work with clients at the intersection between constructed meaning and experiential reality. Constructive therapies enable therapists to disrupt and reinterpret the meanings clients assign to their experience, and then initiate reconstruction processes that can open clients up to new possibilities.Chapters in this volume describe the history and theory of constructivism and constructive psychotherapy, examine the key therapeutic aims and techniques of constructive therapy, provide a nuts-and-bolts description of the therapy process, and summarize the empirical evidence for the effectiveness of this therapy.

In this third edition, Judith Jordan explores the history, theory, and practice of relationship-centered, culturally oriented psychotherapy as a tool for building meaningful connections in a world of increasing isolation.  This essential primer is ideal for students and practitioners alike, guiding them through the ins and outs of relational amp ndash cultural therapy (RCT). New to this edition is real-world research and guidelines related to distance learning, working with marginalized groups, and working towards social justice.  Jordan built RCT upon the understanding that people need social and emotional connections to flourish. In a digital era full of uncertainty and disconnection, it is more important than ever to mend relational resilience and reestablish positive, growth-fostering relationships. The therapist therefore works to deepen their bond with the client to help them build similar bonds outside of therapy. They work with the client amp rsquo s relational images based on positive and negative experiences to manage expectations and teach relationship-building skills.

A third edition of this classic guide to understanding narrative therapy. Narrative therapy is founded on the idea that the mental health issues we bring to therapy are not restricted to or located solely within ourselves. We experience ourselves as deeply relational (not individual), and we are shaped by and imbedded within prevailing historical and socio-economic contexts, dominant cultural understandings, and normative expectations of what constitutes a ‘healthy’ individual. This third edition of Narrative Therapy introduces psychologists, next generation practitioners, and veteran narrative therapists to a broad range of foundational ideas alongside the latest state-of-the-art narrative theoretical ideas and practices. The book provides a wide range of up-close demonstrations, session transcripts, remarkable therapeutic questions, and numerous updated clinical examples to provide a coherent balance between narrative therapy's theoretical complexities, and the nuts-and-bolts of therapeutic practice. Readers receive step-by-step guidance in: Relational responses to trauma, abuse, and the body Working with highly conflicted couple relationships Narrative practice and psychedelic medicines Updated relational practice approaches to grief, loss, and death Collective ethics for suicide prevention Disordered eating New innovations in therapeutic letter writing Gender violence and complex trauma Narrative therapy with trans youth and families Narrative therapy with children and families

This revised volume offers the latest in the theory, research, and practice of person-centered psychotherapies.This new edition presents an updated overview of person-centered therapies, with an emphasis on theory, history, primary change mechanisms, empirical support, and contemporary developments. The authors walk readers through the development and evolution of the approach, and show how to conceptualize person-centered therapy from a variety of perspectives, each of which offers different value to the client.Person-centered therapy, also called client-centered therapy, was created by Carl Rogers over 85 years ago, and this approach continues to evolve and influence the theory and practice of psychotherapy today. Rogers’ emphasis on the importance of therapeutic relationship has been incorporated into the beliefs and values of almost all contemporary therapeutic systems.With updated research, implications for improving practice, and refinements in theory, this essential primer provides a rich, nuanced understanding of person-centered therapies and their continued impact on the field of psychotherapy.

The psychotherapy case formulation model is integrative, and takes an evidence-based approach to treatment by mental health practitioners.Formulating cases is an essential component of psychotherapy training and practice, yet beginning therapists often struggle to organize their ideas about the client and apply theory to the case. The model presented in this volume is designed to adapt to any theory of therapy, any treatment manual, and any component of a theory. The author emphasizes case formulation inferences that are based on theories with supporting evidence, expert knowledge about formulation, and steps to enhance sound reasoning in case formulation.This book incorporates a focus on culturally responsive therapy by presenting a cultural perspective, including consideration of race and ethnicity, sex and gender, socioeconomic status, and religion and spiritual orientation, on case formulation and providing guidance on incorporating culture into a case conceptualization. It draws heavily upon cognitive science research to support evidence-based practice in case formulation, and includes a case example and checklist to illustrate the principles and steps of formulation. Topics investigated include the slippery definitions of mental disorders, approaches to assessing behavior and selecting a treatment approach, and treatment planning. The book also explores the role psychiatric diagnosis plays in psychotherapy, its limitations, its societal impacts, and what it contributes uniquely to case formulation.

This third edition offers an updated primer to the theory, history, research, and practice of existential–humanistic (EH) therapy, which merges existential philosophy with humanistic psychotherapy. EH therapy blends the European heritage of self-inquiry, struggle, and responsibility with the American tradition of spontaneity, optimism, and practicality. This book helps therapists and trainees understand how to help people address critical life questions and attune to how clients relate to themselves and to others, appropriately reflecting back aspects of themselves that are evident but unnoticed. New to this edition are significant updates to research and theory, including the work of Otto Rank, an often-overlooked pioneer in EH therapy, and new concepts like existential unconsciousness and life-enhancing anxiety. The cultivation of presence as a central component of the therapeutic relationship is also emphasized.