Leonid Gokhberg, Prof. Dr., is First Vice-Rector of the Higher School of Economics (HSE) –one of the most prominent research universities in Russia. He is also Directorof HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge (ISSEK). Heauthored over 350 publications in Russian and international peer-reviewedjournals on S&T and innovation. Professor Gokhberg has coordinated dozens ofinternational projects, inter alia on S&T and innovation policies,nanotechnology and roadmaps, funded by Russian governmental agencies, as wellas by the intergovernmental organizations. Professor Gokhberg has served as aconsultant of OECD, Eurostat, UNESCO, and other international and nationalagencies. He is also member of OECD and Eurostat expert groups and task forceson indicators for S&T, nanotechnology, information society and education. Professor Gokhberg is editor-in-chief of the Russian scientific journal “Foresight”.He holds PhD and Dr. ofSc. degrees in Economics. In 2012 the President ofRussia awarded Professor Gokhberg the title ‘Honored Master of Sciences’.NataliaShmatko is a head of Department for human capital studies at ISSEK HSE, PhD.She authored over 100 publications in Russian and international peer-reviewedjournals. Her main area of research activity is sociological and statistical studiesof human resources, social differentiation studies, analysis and forecast ofeducation system, competencies and skills assessment, job opportunity forhighly qualified personnel. With extensive experience and expertise in thefield of social institutions and social differentiation studies, Natalia hasparticipated and has headed many projects, both national and international,which have deal with the social topology, professional and social identity,formation of the Russian businessmen, as well as the labor market and mobilityof researchers and engineers.Laudeline Auriol is an analystat the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry where she is responsible for the measurement of human resources for science and technology and project manager of the international (OECD/UNESCO) survey on careers of doctorate holders (CDH). She has more than twenty years of experience in the field of science and technology indicators, is responsible for the biannual publication of the Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI) and has been participating actively in two successive revisions of the Frascati Manual – the international standards for the surveys on research and development. She is the author of articles in specialized or academic journals. She has also been a Member of the Scientific and Prospective Committee at the French Observatory for Science and Techniques for 2 successive mandates. She holds a Master Degree in statistics and demographics.

• Foreword.- Part I: The International Value of Doctorate Degrees on the Labor Market.- Part II: Doctorate Holders: Employment Outcome and Mobility.- Part III: Human Resources in Science and Technology and Their Professional Carrers.- Part IV: Conclusions.