Materials, Circuits and Devices – serie

Foundations of Digital Signal Processing: Theory, algorithms and hardware design starts by introducing the mathematical foundations of DSP, assuming little prior knowledge of the subject from the reader, and moves on to discuss more complex topics such as Fourier, Laplace and digital filtering. It provides detailed information on off-line, real-time and DSP programming, and guides the reader through advanced topics such as DSP hardware design, FIR and IIR filter design and difference equation manipulation.A CD accompanies the book. It provides the reader with programs that demonstrate equations discussed in the text and source codes to enable the reader to incorporate algorithms into their own DSP programs.

This book presents a state of the art review of integrated circuits, systems and transceivers for wireless and mobile communications. Contributions from world-class researchers focus upon the most recent developments in key RF, IF and baseband components and subsystems and transceiver architecture in CMOS technology. Adopting a top-down approach from wireless communications systems, mobile terminals and transceivers, to constituent components, this book covers the whole range of baseband, IF and RF issues in a systematic way. Circuit and system techniques for design and implementation of reconfigurable low voltage and low power single-chip CMOS transceivers for both mobile cellular and wireless LAN applications are included.

This book comprehensively covers the areas of materials growth, characterisation and descriptions for the new devices in siliconheterostructure material systems. In recent years, the development of powerful epitaxial growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), ultra-high vacuum chemical vapour deposition (UHVCVD) and other low temperature epitaxy techniques has given rise to a new area of research of bandgap engineering in silicon-based materials. This has paved the way not only for heterojunction bipolar and field effect transistors, but also for other fascinating novel quantum devices. This book provides an excellent introduction and valuable references for postgraduate students and research scientists.

New techniques and technologies for sensors are developing fast and being applied in a wide range of fields for measurement and instrumentation, both for research and commercial purposes. This book aims to provide advanced students and practising engineers with a selective tour of highlights in the topical field of sensors for measurement. The authors provide descriptions of the operation, characteristics and applications of the sensors on which they work, together with recent advances and prospects for the future. The chapters cover both fibre optic and solid state sensing, applied across a wide range of applications.Although primarily aimed at graduate-level students and engineers, the depth of coverage of each sensor type is such that the book will be useful to undergraduates seeking to supplement their knowledge for courses on sensors, measurement and instrumentation.

RFIC and MMIC technology provides the core components for many microwave and millimetre-wave communications, radar and sensing systems. Recent years have seen exciting developments, such as circuits operating to over 200 GHz, millimetre-wave micromachined antenna arrays and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). At the same time, the rapid growth of wireless communications in the 1 to 6 GHz range has seen a dramatic shift towards advanced silicon technology. It is timely, therefore, to introduce this fully up-to-date second edition of a world-renowned standard text.With over 1000 references and 350 figures, the book gives an in-depth account of GaAs, InP, Si and SiGe technologies and describes all the key techniques for the design of amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, switches, variable attenuators, phase shifters, integrated antennas and complete monolithic transceivers. It is essential reading as both a tutorial guide for those new to RFIC and MMIC design and as a circuit design handbook for experienced engineers.

The importance of testing integrated circuits (ICs) has escalated with the increasing complexity of circuits fabricated on a single IC chip. No longer is it possible to design a new IC and then think about testing: such considerations must be part of the initial design activity, and testing strategies should be part of every circuit and system designer's education. This book is a comprehensive introduction and reference for all aspects of IC testing. It includes all of the basic concepts and theories necessary for advanced students, from practical test strategies and industrial practice, to the economic and managerial aspects of testing. In addition to detailed coverage of digital network testing, VLSI testing also considers in depth the growing area of testing analogue and mixed analogue/digital ICs, used particularly in signal processing.

Distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasers emit light in a single mode which is essential to providing the carrier in long haul high bit-rate optical communication systems. This comprehensive research monograph provides: thorough analysis of the operation and design of DFB lasersa high level of tutorial discussion with many valuable appendicesthe first full account of time-domain numerical modelling techniques applicable to future optical systems as well as present devicesWeb access to a suite of MATLAB programs (student version MATLAB 4 or higher).It is essential reading for those studying optical communications at graduate and advanced under-graduate level, and a key book for industrial designers of opto-electronic devices.

Analogue filters will always be needed for interfacing between digital systems and the 'real' analogue world. In fact, the high frequency integrated analogue filter has become a key component in achieving ubiquitous communication and computing. In recent years, the renewed interest in analogue, mixed-signal and RF circuits due to the need for system-on-chip design and the market for wireless communications has led to a new peak of research into high frequency integrated analogue filters.This book brings together the leading researchers in high frequency analogue filters to highlight recent advances and identify promising directions for future development. Coverage includes Gm-C filters, MOSFET-C filters, active-LC filters, logdomain filters, switched-current filters, adaptive analogue filters and on-chip automatic filter tuning. The topical nature of the book and calibre of the authors ensures that this book will be of great interest to the electronics and communications communities worldwide.

To obtain the full value from instrumentation, users require familiarity with a number of basic concepts and an understanding of how those building blocks relate to one another. In this book, Nihal Kularatna provides an introduction to the main families of instruments for students and professionals who have to carry out practical work in electronics and measurement. For each family he covers internal design, use and applications, highlighting their advantages and limitations from a practical application viewpoint.Written in a simple, lucid and readable style, the book does not assume detailed knowledge but will give the reader an appropriate understanding of how to use instrumentation validly in its defined context. The book reviews the state-of-the art and extends the range of instruments to encompass digital families. The author also examines conventional and arbitrary waveform generators, spectrum analysis, logic analysers, instrument buses and VLSI testing, DSL/SDH/PDH and general transmission measurements, DSPs and the latest sensors.This book will be of interest to professional electrical and electronic engineers and students, especially those working on design and test, but any who make use of instruments and instrumentation systems.

In 1961, Moore and Miljanic in collaboration with N. L Kusters developed the current comparator, for which a patent was granted in 1964. Since that time they and their associates have applied this technique toward advancing the art of electrical measurement.The current comparator comprises a special configuration of concentric toroidal magnetic cores and windings which enable the physical realisation of a very precise ampere-turns ratio standard. It provides the basis for the precise measurement of various electrical quantities at both direct and alternating currents using current ratio techniques. Applications include the calibration of instrument transformers, measurement of the losses of high voltage capacitors and inductive reactors, measurement of the short circuit losses of large power transformers, the calibration of power and energy meters, an alternating current impedance bridge, direct current resistance measurements, the calibration of high direct current metering systems and shunts, a seven decade direct current potentiometer, and a 20 bit digital-to-analogue converter.The book presents the basic theory of the current comparator, methods of construction leading to high ratio accuracies, and the operating principles of the various applications.

The need to measure electrical power is common to many branches of science and engineering. This book presents a wide-ranging survey of the many types of radio-frequency and microwave power meter and the techniques which are used for calibrating and intercomparing them. The frequency range is 1 MHz to 200 GHz.The first of the sixteen chapters considers the fundamentals. Four chapters are then devoted to the subject of calorimetry, which forms the basis of the majority of primary standards for power measurement. A further five chapters describe the various types of non-calorimetric power meter, which include not only the commonly used thermistor, thermoelectric and diode types, but also force-operated instruments and a considerable number of miscellaneous devices. Calibration and intercomparison methods are covered in three closely linked chapters which treat respectively the basic techniques, the use of reflectometers for power meter calibration, and the problems associated with connectors and adapters. In the last three chapters a mixture of topics is covered. First a concise survey of pulsed power measurements is presented. Attention is then given to the topics of voltage and current measurement, which are closely related to power measurement. Finally, the subject of the international intercomparison of standards is discussed and the results of some of the more important intercomparison exercises are summarised.

Breakdown is fascinating to the scientist and frustrating to the engineer! As well as advancing the scientific and engineering understanding of electrical degradation and breakdown in polymers, this book forms a comprehensive and international review of the state-of-the-art. Topics include: water and electrical treeing; charge transport; 'classical' and filamentary thermal, electromechanical, electronic and partial discharge breakdown models; the stochastic nature of breakdown and statistical characterisation techniques; and engineering considerations for breakdown testing and degradation assessment. The treatment presumes little prior knowledge but develops into an advanced understanding of new concepts such as the fractal-like nature of trees. Although the book is primarily aimed at scientists and engineers practising in the field, a broad introductory section has been included to cater for a wide audience including those new to the subject area. This comprises a description of the nature of the polymers, basic solid-state physics and an introduction to degradation and breakdown.

The inexorable increase in levels of integration of electronic circuits has most often been exploited using digital signals. So much so that design engineers have sought to digitise analogue signals as early as possible in the signal processing chain, and performed digital processing wherever practicable.However it is increasingly being accepted that such an approach is not appropriate for many applications, and that circuits which combine analogue and digital signals can provide superior solutions. There are at least three factors which support this trend. Firstly improved process technology giving better dimensional and parametric control and the availability of BiCMOS and CMOS processes able to support both analogue and digital components. Secondly the maturing of discrete time circuit techniques giving competitive high performance solutions. Thirdly the gain in terms of reliability and reduction in cost achieved by mixing analogue and digital signal processing and hence implementing 'systems' on a single substrate.It is therefore timely that wide ranging books such as this one, on the subject of mixed analogue digital ASICs should appear. It comprises eighteen chapters contributed by leading academics and practising engineers in industry. The chapters are arranged in four sections: Processing technology; Circuit Techniques and Building Blocks; Design and Applications; and CAD and Supporting Tools.

The continuing growth in the size and complexity of VLSI devices requires a parallel development of well-designed, efficient CAD tools. The majority of commercially available tools are based on an algorithmic approach to the problem and there is a continuing research effort aimed at improving these. The sheer complexity of the problem has, however, led to an interest in examining the applicability of expert systems and other knowledge based techniques to certain problems in the area and a number of results are becoming available. The aim of this book is to sample the present state-of-the-art in CAD for VLSI and it covers both newly developed algorithms and applications of techniques from the artificial intelligence community. The editors believe it will prove of interest to all engineers concerned with the design and testing of integrated circuits and systems.

No system in science or engineering can be successfully designed, analysed and specified unless it is backed up by precise quantitative measurements. This is particularly difficult in the field of microwaves where, more often than not, the parameter(s) of interest cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the measurement of other related parameters. Although the advent of the automated network analyser has eliminated much of the previous drudgery, the problems of interpreting the digitally displayed information still remain. One purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the microwave circuit model and its limitations, and thus eliminate the many potential pitfalls that otherwise await the unwary experimenter.Starting with the field equations, the book first outlines the theoretical basis for microwave circuit theory with particular emphasis on its similarity to, and difference from, the low frequency counterpart. This leads to an identification of the parameters to be measured and is followed by a survey of measurement methods with emphasis on the 'why' in addition to 'how'.Special emphasis is given to 'power equation methods', adapter evaluation, the six-port network analyser and noise. In these areas in particular, the book includes recently developed material that has not been previously published.

The switched-current technique is heralding a new era in analogue sampled-data signal processing. Unlike switched-capacitor circuits, switched-current circuits do not require linear floating capacitors or operational amplifiers and they are giving a renewed impetus to mixed-signal VLSI on standard digital technology. Key analogue designers from industry and academia worldwide have contributed to this first, very timely book entirely devoted to switched current analogue signal processing.The book introduces the basic switched-current technique, reviews the state-of-theart and presents practical chip examples. Numerous application areas are described, ranging from filters and data converters to image processing applications. It also gives a very comprehensive treatment of the fundamental principles of switched-current circuits and systems.The material in this book will be of benefit to students, both undergraduate and postgraduate, and researchers and circuit designers in academia and the electronics industry.

With this book engineers will understand the fundamental theoretical bases of modern microwave measurements. The narrative is firmly based on the principles of swept frequency techniques, though single frequency measurements, for instance of power, are also fully covered. By the use of flowgraph techniques and careful approximations, the author has given physical meaning to the mathematical arguments and has been careful to show the practical and theoretical limitations on measurement accuracy. The book covers a wide range of microwave measurements in the time and frequency domains, including reflectometry, the Smith chart, spectrum analysers, vector and scalar analysers, multiports, power, noise, frequency stability, time domain reflectometry, and a comprehensive account of antenna far and near field measurements. It is particularly recommended for young engineers requiring a good background in microwave measurement principles and will also be a useful reference for more experienced engineers.

State-of-the-art analogue integrated circuit design is receiving a tremendous boost from the development and application of current-mode approaches, which are rapidly superseding traditional voltage-mode techniques. This activity is linked to important advances in integrated circuit technologies, such as the 'true' complementary bipolar process; CMOS VLSI technology, which allows realisation of high-performance mixed analogue and digital circuits; and gallium arsenide processing, which has matured to a point where it can be used effectively in high-speed analogue circuit and system design. In this book, all three technologies are represented, with key building blocks, circuit designs and applications. Many very important, but recent, techniques are presented, including switched-current techniques for high-precision filtering and A/D and D/A conversion, current-based amplifying techniques, and neural networks. Translinear principles, current mirrors, and the current conveyor are also covered. This book draws together contributions from the world's most eminent analogue IC designers to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive text devoted to this important and exciting new area of analogue electronics.

This book demonstrates the usefulness of the switching function in analyzing powers electronic circuits in the steady state. A procedure is suggested for the effective application of this effective application of this method for the analysis of all types of power electronic circuits. The Kirchoff's Laws and the Superposition theorem are applied by introducing the appropriate switching functions in order to derive Unified Expressions of voltage and current in switched circuits valid at all times. The exact expressions of the current in each semiconductor device in the circuit enables the circuit designer to collect all the relevant data to set the ratings of the device such as rms, average and peak values of voltage and current. The order of the voltage and current harmonics at any point in the circuit are derived with simple arithmetic. Compact expressions are derived for Sinusoidal PWM signals based on the switching function. The order, magnitude and phase of each component are derived directly from the expression with simple arithmetic. The educator has a simple way to present to his students the mechanism of operation of complex switched circuits where all the statements regarding their operation are actually presented in the model of the circuit.

System-on-Chip (SoC) is believed to represent the next major market for microelectronics, and there is a considerable interest world-wide in developing effective methods and tools to support the SoC paradigm. The field of SoC is broad and expanding and at present the technical and technological literature about the overall state-of-the-art in SoC is dispersed across a wide spectrum of books, journals, and conference proceedings. This edited book is an attempt to provide a comprehensive and accessible source of state-of-the-art information on existing and emerging SoC key research areas. In particular, the book covers the general principles and ideas of designing, validating and testing complex embedded computing systems and their underlying tradeoffs. Twenty-five international research groups have contributed to the book. Each contribution has an up-to-date survey highlighting the key achievements and future trends. To facilitate the understanding of the various topics covered in the book, each chapter has some background covering the basic principles, and extensive list of references. To enhance the book readability, the chapters are grouped into eight parts, each part examining a particular theme of SoC, including system design, embedded software, power management, reconfigurable computing, network-on-chip, verification and test. The book will be of interest to graduate students, designers and managers working in Electronic and Computer engineering.

Motivated by consumer demand for smaller, more portable electronic devices that offer more features and operate for longer on their existing battery packs, cutting edge electronic circuits need to be ever more power efficient. For the circuit designer, this requires an understanding of the latest low voltage and low power (LV/LP) techniques, one of the most promising of which makes use of the floating gate MOS (FGMOS) transistor.Whilst a conventional MOS transistor has only one input, the FGMOS transistors often have several. This fact, along with some other remarkable properties of this very interesting device, offers the designer many extra degrees of freedom that can significantly improve power efficiency. By using FGMOS transistors in the right way - establishing appropriate relationships between their inputs - it is possible to achieve design trade-offs that are not possible with conventional MOS devices. This is especially true when power consumption and supply voltage are the main design constraints.This book demonstrates how FGMOS transistors can be used in a low voltage and low power design context. The techniques shown provide innovative solutions, often in situations where the limits of the technology in question have been pushed far below the values recommended by the manufacturer.

The IET has organised training courses on microwave measurements since 1983, at which experts have lectured on modern developments. The purpose of this third edition of the lecture notes is to bring the latest techniques in microwave measurements to a wider audience. The book includes a survey of the theory of current microwave circuits as well as a description of the techniques for the measurement of power, spectrum, attenaution, circuit parameters, and noise, measurements of antenna characteristics, free fields, modulation and dielectric parameters. The emphasis throughout is on good measurement practice. All the essential theory is given and a previous knowledge of the subject is not assumed. The book will be of interest to those engaged in the design of microwave measurement systems in both research and industry, those providing microwave measurement systems in both research and industry, in measurement services and those involved in teaching microwave measurements in universities.

Technology Computer Aided Design for Si, SiGe and GaAs Integrated Circuits is the first book that deals with a broad spectrum of process and device design, and modelling issues related to various semiconductor devices. This monograph attempts to bridge the gap between device modelling and process design using TCAD. Many simulation examples for different types of Si-, SiGe-, GaAs- and InP-based heterostructure MOS and bipolar transistors are given and compared with experimental data from state-of-the-art devices. Bringing various aspects of silicon heterostructures into one resource, this book also presents a comprehensive perspective of the emerging field and covers topics ranging from materials to fabrication, devices, modelling and applications.The monograph is aimed at research and development engineers and scientists who are actively involved in microelectronics technology and device design via Technology CAD. It will also serve as a reference for postgraduate and research students in the field of electrical engineering and solid-state physics, and for TCAD engineers and developers.

Systems on Chip (SoC) for communications, multimedia and computer applications have recently received much international attention; one such example being the single-chip transceiver. Modern microelectronic design adopts a mixed-signal approach as a complex SoC is a mixed-signal system including both analogue and digital circuits. Automatic testing becomes crucially important to drive down the overall cost of next generation SoC devices. Test and fault diagnosis of analogue, mixed-signal and RF circuits, however, proves much more difficult than that of digital circuits due to tolerances, parasitics and nonlinearities and therefore, together with challenging tuning and calibration, remains the bottleneck for automatic SoC testing. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of automatic testing, diagnosis and tuning of analogue, mixed-signal and RF integrated circuits, and systems in a single source. The book contains eleven chapters written by leading researchers worldwide. As well as fundamental concepts and techniques, the book reports systematically the state of the arts and future research directions of these areas. A complete range of circuit components are covered and test issues are also addressed from the SoC perspective. An essential reference companion to researchers and engineers in mixed-signal testing, the book can also be used as a text for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students.

During the 1980s the worldwide interest in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) grew rapidly with the introduction of legislation to control the growing interference problems generated by the increased use of electronic equipment in industry and in the home. The European directive harmonising EMC measurements gave particular impetus to manufacturers and importers of electrical and electronic equipment in Europe to understand EMC design techniques and verification procedures. This book explains how equipment can be verified by testing. It discusses the nature of EMC standards world wide and describes in detail testing methods and their conduct and accuracy. In addition to standard EMC testing, topics including electrostatic discharge, nuclear electromagnetic pulse and lightning are also discussed.In the broad span of its subject matter, the interests of equipment manufacturers, EMC test engineers, project managers and company administrators are addressed. The testing of both military and commercial electronic equipment is covered. Particular emphasis is placed on the nature of EMC test equipment and how to use it to make reliable measurements.

This is the first of a two-volume work covering the electrical principles syllabuses of all of the major examining bodies including the City & Guilds of London Institute's electrical craft courses. It is also suitable for a wide range of other courses, including the first three years of the BTEC electrical series. Great care has been taken to ensure that the text fully covers the content of the syllabuses concerned, both as published and as interpreted by the examiners in the past.The book is well illustrated with almost 200 line diagrams and photographs. Theories are explained with the help of almost 100 worked examples, an important aid to understanding the practical applications, and there are more than 300 graded exercises for which numerical answers are provided as well as nearly 250 multiple choice questions with solutions. These features make the book ideal as a class text as well as being particularly suitable for private study. A complete list of symbols, abbreviations and units is included, along with eight tables of relevant data and introduction to SI units, this system being used throughout. Each chapter concludes with a summary of the formulas introduced in it.The book will also be useful to practicing technicians wishing to extend their grasp of electrical principles to meet the rapidly expanding requirements of the industry.

This is the second of a two-volume work covering the electrical principles syllabuses of all of the major examining bodies including the City & Guilds of London Institute's electrical craft courses. It is also suitable for a wide range of other courses, including the first three years of the BTEC electrical series. Great care has been taken to ensure that the text fully covers the content of the syllabuses concerned, both as published and as interpreted by the examiners in the past.The book is well illustrated with almost 200 line diagrams and photographs. Theories are explained with the help of almost 100 worked examples, an important aid to understanding the practical applications, and there are more than 300 graded exercises for which numerical answers are provided as well as nearly 250 multiple choice questions with solutions. These features make the book ideal as a class text as well as being particularly suitable for private study. A complete list of symbols, abbreviations and units is included, along with eight tables of relevant data and introduction to SI units, this system being used throughout. Each chapter concludes with a summary of the formulas introduced in it.The book will also be useful to practicing technicians wishing to extend their grasp of electrical principles to meet the rapidly expanding requirements of the industry.

How can single atoms be manipulated? Are the laws of physics still valid at the nanostructure scale? How could nanotechnologies help cure disease? What are the application fields of nanotechnologies and what ethical issues do they raise? These questions and many others are answered in this clearly presented, fascinating book.This updated second edition puts nanotechnologies into perspective by explaining issues in health, environmental and military application domains, and discusses the technology in the context of current media and ethical debates. It also introduces the ambitious, and perhaps almost utopian, NBIC programme (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology and Cognitive science) - an initiative that foresees the 'reunification' of science by encouraging collaboration among specialists of different scientific domains.Intended for a wide audience, this book will interest teachers and students of science, as well as those with a general interest in how modern technologies and the sciences interact.

There are many 'Electric Circuits' books on the market but this unique Understandable Electric Circuits book provides an understandable and effective introduction to the fundamentals of DC/AC circuits. It covers current, voltage, power, resistors, capacitors, inductors, impedance, admittance, dependent/independent sources, the basic circuit laws/rules (Ohm's law, KVL/KCL, voltage/current divider rules), series/parallel and wye/ delta circuits, methods of DC/AC analysis (branch current and mesh/node analysis), the network theorems (superposition, Thevenin's/Norton's theorems, maximum power transfer, Millman's and substitution theorems), transient analysis, RLC circuits and resonance, mutual inductance, transformers, and more.This book presents material in a clear and easy-to-understand manner. All important concepts, rules and formulas are highlighted after the explanation and are also summarised at the end of each chapter, making it easy to locate important facts and to study more effectively. The laboratory experiments at the end of each chapter are convenient for doing hands-on practice. These will motivate readers to master the circuit theory, especially college and university students or self-learners in this field.The English version of this book continues in the spirit of its successful Chinese version, which was published by Higher Education Press (the largest and most prominent publisher of educational books in China) in 2005 and reprinted in 2009.