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Del 127 - International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées
Henry More (1614–1687) Tercentenary Studies
with a biography and bibliography by Robert Crocker
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
2 136 kr
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Of all the Cambridge Platonists, Henry More has attracted the most scholar ly interest in recent years, as the nature and significance of his contribution to the history of thought has come to be better understood. This revival of interest is in marked contrast to the neglect of More's writings lamented even by his first biographer, Richard Ward, a regret echoed two centuries after his 1 death. Since then such attention as there has been to More has not always served him well. He has been dismissed as credulous on account of his belief in witchcraft while his reputation as the most mystical of the Cambridge 2 school has undermined his reputation as a philosopher. Much of the interest in More in the present century has tended to focus on one particular aspect of his writing. There has been considerable interest in his poems. And he has come to the attention of philosophers thanks to his having corresponded with Descartes. Latterly, however, interest in More has been rekindled by renewed interest in the intellectual history of the seventeenth century and Renaissance. And More has been studied in the context of seventeenth-cen tury science and the wider context of seventeenth-century philosophy. Since More is a figure who belongs to the Renaissance tradition of unified sapientia he is not easily compartmentalised in the categories of modern disciplines. Inevitably discussion of anyone aspect of his thought involves other aspects.
Del 128 - International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées
Kant’s Practical Philosophy Reconsidered
Papers presented at the Seventh Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, December 1986
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
1 604 kr
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That Kant's ideas remain vitally present in ethical thinking today is as impossible to deny as it is to overlook their less persisting aspects and sometimes outdated idiom. The essays in this volume attempt to reassess some crucial questions in Kant's practical philosophy both by sketching the lines for new systematic interpretations and by examining how Kantian themes apply to contemporary moral concerns. In the previous decade, when Kant was primarily read as an answer to utilitarianism, emphasis was mainly laid on the fundamentals of his moral theory, stressing such concepts as universalization, duty for its own sake, personal autonomy, unconditional imperatives or humanity as end-in-itself, using the Groundwork and its broader (ifless popular) systematic parallel, the Analytic of the Critique of Practical Reason, as main sources. In recent years, however, emphasis has shifted and become diversified. The present essays reflect this diversification in discussing the extension of Kantian ethics in the domains of law, justice, politics and moral history, and also in considering such meta-philosophical questions as the relation between the various "inter ests of reason" (as Kant calls them), above all between knowledge and moral practice. The papers were first presented at the Seventh Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in December 1986. The Jerusalem Philosophical Encounters are a series of bi-annual international symposia, in which philosophers of different backgrounds meet in Jerusalem to discuss a common issue. Organized by the S. H.
Del 129 - International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées
Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton’s Theology
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
1 604 kr
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This collection of essays is the fruit of about fifteen years of discussion and research by James Force and me. As I look back on it, our interest and concern with Newton's theological ideas began in 1975 at Washington University in St. Louis. James Force was a graduate student in philosophy and I was a professor there. For a few years before, I had been doing research and writing on Millenarianism and Messianism in the 17th and 18th centuries, touching occasionally on Newton. I had bought a copy of Newton's Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John for a few pounds and, occasionally, read in it. In the Spring of 1975 I was giving a graduate seminar on Millenarian and Messianic ideas in the development of modem philosophy. Force was in the seminar. One day he came very excitedly up to me and said he wanted to write his dissertation on William Whiston. At that point in history, the only thing that came to my mind about Whiston was that he had published a, or the, standard translation of Josephus (which I also happened to have in my library. ) Force told me about the amazing views he had found in Whiston's notes on Josephus and in some of the few writings he could find in St. Louis by, or about, Whiston, who was Newton's successor as Lucasian Professor of mathematics at Cambridge and who wrote inordinately on Millenarian theology.
1 963 kr
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LIBERTY IN HUME'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND In his own lifetime, Hume was feted by his admirers as a great historian, and even his enemies conceded that he was a controversial historian with whom one had to reckon. On the other hand, Hume failed to achieve positive recognition for his philosophical views. It was Hume's History of England that played an influential role in public policy debate during the eighteenth century in both Great Britain and in the United States. Hume's Hist01Y of England passed through seven editions and was beginning to be perceived as a classic before Hume's death. Voltaire, as an historian, considered it "perhaps the best ever written in any lan guage. " Gibbon greatly admired Hume's work and said, of a letter written by Hume in 1776 praising the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, that a compliment from Hume "overpaid the labor of ten years. " After Hume's death on August 20, 1776, the History became a factor in the revolutionary events that began to unfold. Louis XVI was a close student of Hume's History, and his valet records that, upon having learned that the Convention had voted the death penalty, the King asked for the volume in Hume's History covering the trial and execution of Charles I to read in the days that remained. But if Louis XVI found the consolations of philosophical history in the Stuart volumes, Thomas Jefferson saw in them a cause for alarm.
Del 118 - International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées
In the Presence of the Past
Essays in Honor of Frank Manuel
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
1 651 kr
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The broad canvas covered by the articles in the present volume celebrates the diversity and richness of the writings of Frank Manuel during a scholarly career that spans over five decades. The subjects of the articles - ranging from science to utopia, from theology to political thought - mirror many of the themes Manuel has written about with erudition, flair and uncommon perception. It is only fitting that in paying tribute to such a defiant intellect each author brings to his treatment a distinct perspective and texture, the result of his own original forays into the history of ideas. Yet underlying all the essays is the conviction that the study of the intersection of individuals and ideas still yields a rich harvest. Presented to Frank on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, In the Presence o/the Past honors a teacher, a friend and, above all, a scholar. R. T. Bienvenu and M. Feingold (eds). ln the presence of the past. vii. MARTIN PERETZ Frank Manuel: An Appreciation It was finally because of Frank Edward Manuel that I decided (however belatedly) to forgo a proper academic career. Since I had not left so much as a leafscar on the tree of the scholarly culture this is not a fact which anyone else would have reason to notice. It is also not, I am happy to add, something for which Manuel will be especially remembered.
1 071 kr
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The purpose of this collection of papers is to introduce English speaking philosophers and theologians to something of the variety of the contemporary debate about the religious relevance of Hegel's thought. It is published in the hope that it will appeal not only to specialised students of Hegel's Philosophy of Religion but to a wide audience of scholars interested in Hegel's thought as a whole. The volume grew out of the 1987 Oxford conference on Thought and Faith in the Philosophy of Hegel, but has since developed beyond the confines of the original conference programme. The programme of the conference consisted of five major papers on different aspects of Hegel's religious thought and its reception, followed by a somewhat shorter commentary delivered by another scholar in the same field. This basic format has been retained, but a number of the commentaries have been extended or rewritten and an entirely new piece by Kurt Meist has been commissioned for the purpose of this collection. The volume includes studies of the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion and the Phenomenology, as well as pieces dealing with the theological relevance of Hegel's philosophy of history and Kierkegaard's attack on Hegel. It con cludes with an examination of the relevance of Hegel's doctrine of absolute Spirit to the modern defence of his philosophy as a whole.
1 604 kr
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The original idea for a conference on the "shapes of knowledge" dates back over ten years to conversations with the late Charles Schmitt of the Warburg Institute. What happened to the classifications of the sciences between the time of the medieval Studium and that of the French Encyclopedie is a complex and highly abstract question; but posing it is an effective way of mapping and evaluating long term intellectual changes, especially those arising from the impact of humanist scholarship, the new science of the seventeenth century, and attempts to evaluate, to apply, to reconcile, and to institutionalize these rival and interacting traditions. Yet such patterns and transformations cannot be well understood from the heights of the general history of ideas. Within the ~eneral framework of the organization of knowledge the map must be filled in by particular explorations and soundings, and our project called for a conference that would combine some encyclopedic (as well as interdisciplinary and inter national) breadth with scholarly and technical depth.
Rhyme and Reason of Politics in Early Modern Europe
Collected Essays of Herbert H. Rowen
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
884 kr
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This volume brings together essays and reviews of Herbert H. Rowen, professor emeritus of Rutgers University, foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and one of the first important English-speaking historians of the Dutch Republic since John Lothrop Motley. Many of the essays, though published previously, have not been readily available, while several appear here for the first time. They include close analyses of the Dutch Republic, French absolutism, the 18th-century Republic and the Atlantic Revolutions, and direct and indirect commentary on the task of the historian more generally. Also included are three essays and several reviews about the work of Herbert Rowen, which assess his particular contribution to historical studies.
1 071 kr
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This work is devoted to the life and work of Thomas White, an important and wide-ranging 17th-century thinker long overdue for historical rehabilitation. Renowned in his own day as an eminent philosopher, White's reputation suffered not least as a result of his theological heresies and his pre-Cromwellian political sympathies. Here, White is shown as the leader of an influential faction of English Catholics, known after his alias as "Blackloists"; as a dogged opponent of the then newly-fashionable scepticism; and as a would-be synthesizer of scholastic thought with the "new philosophy". In his Janus-faced intellectual stance White exemplifies the position of many mid-17th-century thinkers, and he is presented here as representing a philosophical standpoint that is crucial for our understanding of a fascinating period in intellectual history.
Models of the History of Philosophy: From its Origins in the Renaissance to the ‘Historia Philosophica’
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
1 391 kr
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"Models of the History of Philosophy. From its Origins in the Renaissance to the "Historia Philosophica" (a translation of a work published in 1981 in Italian - the bibliography has been updated) gives a comprehensive description of the various forms of and approaches to the literature of the history of philosophy from the 15th to the middle of the 17th century. Several traditions are described, from the well-known "prisca theologia" and "perennis philosophia" traditions of Marisilio Ficino and Augustino Steuco, which claimed that the Greeks got their philosophy from the East, to the unknown influence of Scepticism on the history of philosophy by the recovery of Sextus Empiricus, and the German Protestant critical attack on Greek philosophy as Atheistic which was the tradition of the history of philosophy out of which Leibniz developed. Each individual historian of philosophy is given a separate entry which includes a biography, a complete bibliography of his works, a description of his history of philosophy and ends with both an assessment of his reputation during his own time and a complete listing of recent literature on him.As a result the substantial variety in the way the history of philosophy was written and, with it, an overview of the way western civilization developed is described in detail. This work should interest university history of literature, history of culture, history of religion and history of philosophy classes. The book can be used both for undergraduate courses (for specific reading assignments) and as background material for graduate courses. The bibliography provides aids to many topics which have previously been almost inaccessible.
3 200 kr
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This is a comprehensive survey of the way in which Hegel reacted to the pervasive Newtonianism of his day. Various 18th-century developments in metaphysics, the foundations of mathematics, mechanics, optics and chemistry are considered, together with Hegel's assessment of them. It becomes apparent that the criticism he levels at several of the prevailing attitudes of his day assumes a new significance once a proper distinction is drawn between Newton's own views and those of his professed followers. One of the most remarkable results of the survey is the way in which it brings out the basic convergence of many of Hegel's views with those of the historical Newton. The work is rounded off with a fully annotated bibliography of the relevant sections of Hegel's private library.
2 136 kr
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Otto von Guericke has been called a neglected genius, overlooked by most modern scholars, scientists, and laymen. He wrote his "Experimenta Nova" in the 17th century in Latin, a dead language for the most part inaccessible to contemporary scientists. Thus isolated by the remoteness of his time and his means of communication, von Guericke has for many years been denied the recognition he deserves in the English-speaking world. Indeed, the century in which he lived witnessed the invention of six important and valuable scientific instruments - the microscope, the telescope, the pendulum clock, the barometer, the thermometer, and the air pump. Von Guericke was associated with the development of the last three of these; he also experimented with a rudimentary electric machine. Thus his "Experimenta Nova" was an important work, heralding the emerging empiricism of 17th-century science, and merits this first English translation of von Guericke's "Magnus Opu".
Jewish Christians and Christian Jews
From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
1 071 kr
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The appearance of religious toleration combined with the intensification of the search for theological truth led to a unique phenomenon in early modern Europe: Jewish Christians and Christian Jews. These essays aim to demonstrate that the cross-fertilization of these two religions, which for so long had a tradition of hostility towards each other, not only affected developments within the two groups but in many ways foreshadowed the emergence of the Enlightenment and the evolution of modern religious freedom.
Books of Nature and Scripture
Recent Essays on Natural Philosophy, Theology and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands of Spinoza’s Time and the British Isles of Newton’s Time
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
1 071 kr
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Dick Popkin and James Force have attended a number of recent conferences where it was apparent that much research was being done in the fields of interpreting Newton's and Spinoza's contributions as biblical scholars and of the relationship between their biblical scholarship and other aspects of their particular philosophies. This collection represents the current research in this area. It brings together the current work on these topics. Its primary audience is specialized scholars of the thought of Newton and Spinoza as well as historians of the philosophical ideas of the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
1 710 kr
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The studies of 16th- and 17th-century alchemy published in this volume were first presented as papers at a colloquium on "Alchemy and Chemistry" held at the Warburg Institute in 1989. The aim of the colloquium was to examine alchemy not as a self-contained tradition, but as an activity intimately connected with chemistry, medicine, philosophy and religion. The wide range of topics discussed by the different contributors aim to show that a true understanding of alchemical texts demands that they be considered not only as a component of the pre-history of experimental science, but as manifestations of the very different forms of religious belief and philosophical views of nature held by the alchemists. Though alchemy has been widely regarded as the mere precursor of early chemistry, it is evident that the two disciplines in fact co-existed and were in certain cases practised independently. The chemical interpretation of nature is thus seen to occupy a central position in the philosophical and religious, as well as the scientific culture of the early-modern period.It is also essential to an understanding of human physiology and medicine and the early development of the corpuscular philosophy. Such a wide-ranging approach to chemical and alchemical studies aims to place them in their widest possible historical and philosophical context. The chronological and geographical limits of the present investigations were therefore designed to allow an in-depth study of a coherent body of works located within a short time span. The volume should therefore command the interest of both historians of science, as well as of students of intellectual and social history.
1 071 kr
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This book offers a radical reappraisal of the reputation of Plato in England between 1423 and 1603. Using many materials, including evidence of book publishing and book ownership, together with a comprehensive survey of allusions to Plato, the author shows that the English were far less interested in Plato than most historians have thought. Although the English, like the French, knew the "court" Plato as well as the "school" Plato, the English published only two works by Plato during this period, while the French published well over 100 editions, including several of the complete Works. In England allusions to Plato occur more often in prose writers such as Whetstone, Green, and Lodge, than in poets like Spenser and Chapman. Sidney did take his "Stella" from Plato, but most English allusions to Plato were taken not directly from Plato or from Ficino, but from other authors, especially Mornay, Nani-Mirabelli, Ricchieri, Steuco, and Tixier.
1 816 kr
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The general view of scholars is that the Kabbalah had no appreciable influence on the philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. But on the basis of new evidence, Professor Coudert argues that this conclusion is mistaken. Leibniz was neither the foolish optimist Voltaire made him out to be in "Candide" nor the supreme rationalist described by so many subsequent scholars. He was a radical gnostic, whose philosophy was profoundly influenced by the Lurianic Kabbalah. Once this somewhat startling fact is understood, key areas of his philosophy, such as his concept of monads, defence of free will, and theodicy, can be seen in entirely new ways, which solve many of the problems that have perplexed scholars. This book is for all levels of readers, from those with a general interest in intellectual history to specialists in philosophy, the history of science, theology, and Jewish studies.
986 kr
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This volume provides a sustained treatment of the legal theory of Eduard Gans (1789-1839) and the first translation of Gans's "Systems of Roman Civil Law in Outline" (1827). Hegel's close personal friend and recognized leader of the Hegelian movement, Gans posthumously edited Hegel's "Philosophy of Law" and "Philosophy of History". As Professor of Law in Berlin, Gans championed legal codification in opposition to Savigny and the Historical School of Jurisprudence. Hoffheimer argues that Gans's legal writings, especially his systematic exposition of Roman law, combined a brilliant application of Romanist legal scholarship with a creative, original vision of Hegelian methodology. The teacher of Karl Marx and Felix Mendelssohn, Gans promoted a liberal interpretation of Hegel and influenced an important generation of German thinkers.
Christianization of Pyrrhonism
Scepticism and Faith in Pascal, Kierkegaard, and Shestov
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
1 071 kr
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Augustine's christianization of Plato and Thomas Aquinas's of Aristotle provided the two main foundations of medieval Judeo- Christian philosophy. In The Christianization of Pyrrhonism, Jose R. Maia Neto shows that Greek scepticism played a similar role in the development of a major strand of modern religious thought. From the Jansenist reaction of Molinism in the early 17th century to Shestov's resistance to the arrival of Kantian enlightenment in Russia in the late 19th century, Greek scepticism was reconstructed in terms of Christian doctrines and used against major secular philosophers who posed threats to religion. At the same time, the ancient sceptics' practical stance was attacked in order that it does not constitute a viable alternative to the modern secular philosophies. The resulting Christianized Pyrrhonism would be the basis for a genuine Christian or Biblical thought, for the first time emancipated from the rationalist assumptions and methods of Greek philosophy.The Christianization of Pyrrhonism is extremely valuable for those interested in the modern developments of ancient scepticism, in the relations between religious and philosophical ideas in modernity, and for scholars and the general public interested in Pascal, Kierkegaard and Shestov.
1 604 kr
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A dialogue between leading Latin American and North American scholars concerned with the history of scepticism from ancient times to present day philosophy. The volume contains discussions by a wide range of philosophers and historians of philosophy. The book should be of great interest to many philosophers who are interested in scepticism. It presents in English the work of philosophers from Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Chile; philosophers not well known to the English speaking world.
1 071 kr
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Anna Maria van Schurman was in more than one aspect an unconventional woman in her own lifetime. As a gifted scholar in many foreign and ancient languages, as well as in philosophy and theology, she corresponded with other learned men and women all over Europe. She achieved international renown for her own defence of scholarly activity of women. Life and work of this Dutch femme savante of the 17th Century has thus far been studied by theologians, philosophers, literary scholars, historians, pedagogues and art historians, each concentrating on specific aspects of Van Schurman's biography or work. A rather fragmented image of this scholar was the result. This interdependent collection of essays describes the life and work of Anna Maria van Schurman from an interdisciplinary - or rather multidisciplinary - approach and will outline a more integrated yet at the same time subtly differentiated picture. Nine contributions - from the disciplines of philosophy, theology, Dutch language and literature, intellectual and art history, and women's studies - partly based on new source material, shed light on Van Schurman's ideas on erudition and femininity, ethics and philosophy, as well as on her religious beliefs, within the context of the early modern intellectual community to which she belonged. Audience: This collection of essays will therefore command the interest not only of historians, but also of scholars and students in theology, philosophy, art history, and women's studies.
1 071 kr
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Suppose that a congenitally blind person has learned to distinguish and name a sphere and a cube by touch alone. Then imagine that this person suddenly recovers the faculty of sight. Will he be able to distinguish both objects by sight and to say which is the sphere and which the cube? This was the question which the Irish politician and scientist William Molyneux posed in 1688 to John Locke. Molyneux's question has intrigued a wide variety of intellectuals for three centuries. Those who have attempted to solve it include Berkeley, Reid, Leibniz, Voltaire, La Mettrie, Condillac, Diderot, Muller, Helmholtz, William James and Gareth Evans. This text is a survey of the history of the discussion about Molyneux's problem. It should be of interest to historians of both philosophy and psychology.
Heterodoxy, Spinozism, and Free Thought in Early-Eighteenth-Century Europe
Studies on the Traité des Trois Imposteurs
Inbunden, Engelska, 1996
2 136 kr
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"The Traite des Trois Imposteurs", ou l'Esprit de M. Spinosa is a most notorious clandestine work that was circulating throughout Europe in the 18th Century. The work is a pastiche of passages from Hobbes, Naude, La Mothe Le Vayer, Spinoza and others, contending that Moses, Jesus and Mohammed were imposters who set up their religions for political reasons. In 1990 a research seminar on the origins, nature, meaning and dispersion of the text was held under the direction of Richard H. Popkin, with the assistance of Silvia Berti and Francoise Charles-Daubert, sponsored by the Foundation for Research in Intellectual History. Advanced students and young professors carried out research projects. Lectures were given by the staff plus visiting scholars including Miguel Benitez and Bertram Schwarzbach. This volume contains the results of the seminar, including papers by the teachers and students. It breaks much new ground about the Traite, including new data about its possible origins and development, the dispersion of manuscripts of it, and its role in anti-religious Enlightenment thought.
1 071 kr
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This volume consists of a reappraisal of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit" by a number of international Hegel scholars. Key questions and issues are discussed. Among the issues of interpretation which are tackled in this book are Hegel's concept of truth (the focus of Professor H.S. Harris's incisive opening article), the relationship between the Phenomenology and Hegel's system (discussed by Professor Rudiger Bubner), the master-slave dialectic, the unhappy consciousness and conscience. Experienced Hegel scholars and students new to Hegel should benefit from the format of the book in which distinguished scholars comment upon the key and contentious aspects of the main articles.
Cambridge Platonists in Philosophical Context
Politics, Metaphysics and Religion
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
1 604 kr
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The philosophy of the Cambridge Platonists in the mid-17th century constituted a unique return to many themes of classical Christian Platonism in epistemology and metaphysics. It did so at a time marked by great changes in the natural sciences and in philosophy under the impact of such figures as Galileo and Descartes and great religious and political turmoil in England associated with the Civil War. As well as examining central aspects of their thought and their political and religious implications, this text explores themes arising from that context and the relationship of key figures in the group with their contemporaries and successors. It consists of a series of papers written by scholars of the period from England, France and Australia. A particular feature is the links made with contemporary political debate, an aspect of their thought hardly touched on in any other publications on the school.
1 071 kr
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Answering an essay on scepticism by Richard Poplin, the late Tonelli and the late Olaso examined the kinds of scepticism developed during the Enlightenment, and the kind of answer to scepticism that was developed by Leibniz. As a result of their work Popkin modified his original claims, as shown in the last two articles in this volume. The text contains an introduction by Popkin and 10 essays, two of which have never been published before.
1 071 kr
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This is a translation into English of the seminal work by one of the earliest exponents of Cartesianism in France and a leading contributor to the theory of causality which came to be known as occasionalism. Louis de La Forge also provides a sophisticated version of Cartesian mind-body dualism. This edition, which includes an introductory essay on La Forge's philosophy and comprehensive editorial notes, provides an introduction for students of early modern philosophy to many of the issues which were subsequently developed by Malebranche and expressed in their definitive form in David Hume's analysis of causal relations. This text complements recent new translations into English of Malebranche's works and is suitable for graduate courses and upper-level courses in early modern philosophy.
1 604 kr
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This book studies the complementary features of the thought of David Hume and Edward Gibbon in the complete range of its confrontation with eighteenth-century Christianity. The ten chapters explore the iconoclasm of these two philosophical historians - Hume as the premier philosopher, Gibbon as the consummate historian - as they labored to `naturalize' the study of Christianity, particularly with attention to its social and political dimensions. No other work deals as comprehensively or thoroughly with the attempt of philosophical history's challenge to Christianity. Belief in miracles and the afterlife, the dimensions of fanaticism and superstition, and the nature of religious persecution were the themes that occupied Hume and Gibbon in the making of their critique of Christianity. This book makes a valuable contribution to scholarship in a number of fields including the history of ideas, religious studies, and philosophy. It will be of interest to philosophers of religion, historians of ideas, eighteenth-century intellectual historians, scholars of the Scottish Enlightenment, and Hume and Gibbon scholars.
Skeptical Tradition Around 1800
Skepticism in Philosophy, Science, and Society
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
1 604 kr
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This collection of essays aims to puts an end to the common notion that Kant solved the problem of skepticism. Commemorating C.F. Staudlin, the first historian of skepticism (1794), scholars of various disciplines disclose the continuing importance of the sceptical tradition in Germany, France, and Britain. Their wide-ranging studies cover Hume, Kant, and the philosophical situation in Germany both before and after Kant, particularly the all-but-forgotten Staudlin himself. But they also investigate the role of skepticism in the political thought (Montucla) and in science (Alexander von Humboldt, Laplace, and others), and in the context of such social issues as smallpox inoculation, suicide, and capital punishment.
2 267 kr
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Vasilii Malinovskii, the subject of this study, was one of the most significant figures in the history of Russian thought, and was one of the first campaigners for the abolition of serfdom in Russia. In his capacity as Director, he made a fundamental contribution to the establishment of the liberal atmosphere which characterized the Tsarskoe Selo Lycee, where Aleksandr Pushkin and some of the Decembrists were educated. Malinovskii's major work, "Dissertation on Peace and War" (1803), contains a plan for the establishment of peace in Europe which was the only project of this sort to appear in Russia. At a time when the Napoleonic Wars were deeply transforming the status quo, he proposed a redesigning of geopolitical map of Europe, regrouping its states on the basis of rational, ethno-linguistic criteria. A general council, empowered to deliberate once conflicts among them, was to guarantee a permanent peace.