Mathematics Study Resources – serie

The aim of the book is to study symmetries and tesselation, which have long interested artists and mathematicians. Famous examples are the works created by the Arabs in the Alhambra and the paintings of the Dutch painter Maurits Escher. Mathematicians did not take up the subject intensively until the 19th century. In the process, the visualisation of mathematical relationships leads to very appealing images. Three approaches are described in this book.In Part I, it is shown that there are 17 principally different possibilities of tesselation of the plane, the so-called 'plane crystal groups'. Complementary to this, ideas of Harald Heesch are described, who showed how these theoretical results can be put into practice: He gave a catalogue of 28 procedures that one can use creatively oneself – following in the footsteps of Escher, so to speak – to create artistically sophisticated tesselation.In the corresponding investigations forthe complex plane in Part II, movements are replaced by bijective holomorphic mappings. This leads into the theory of groups of Möbius transformations: Kleinian groups, Schottky groups, etc. There are also interesting connections to hyperbolic geometry.Finally, in Part III, a third aspect of the subject is treated, the Penrose tesselation. This concerns results from the seventies, when easily describable and provably non-periodic parquetisations of the plane were given for the first time.

With this book, which is based on the third edition of a book first written in German about random walks, the author succeeds in a remarkably playful manner in captivating the reader with numerous surprising random phenomena and non-standard limit theorems related to simple random walks and related topics. The work stands out with its consistently problem-oriented, lively presentation, which is further enhanced by 100 illustrative images. The text includes 53 self-assessment questions, with answers provided at the end of each chapter.Additionally, 74 exercises with solutions assist in understanding the material deeply. The text frequently engages in concrete model-building, and the resulting findings are thoroughly discussed and interconnected. Students who have tested this work in introductory seminars on stochastics were particularly fascinated by the interplay of geometric arguments (reflection principle), combinatorics, elementary stochastics, and analysis.This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive introduction to solving large systems of equations.In addition to direct algorithms, it presents a wide range of classical and modern solvers – from splitting methods and multigrid techniques to current Krylov subspace methods (CG, GMRES, BiCGSTAB, etc.). These methods are discussed both mathematically and in terms of their practical applications. The book also offers an in-depth treatment of preconditioning techniques to accelerate existing methods.The book covers all the necessary fundamentals, making it highly suitable for self-study. The presentation of the derived algorithms allows for straightforward implementation in any programming language. Detailed MATLAB® implementations of common Krylov methods are included in the appendix. Solutions and additional materials are available online. This book is a translation of the original German 6th edition. The translation was done with the help of an artificial intelligence machine translation tool. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book may read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

The book provides an introduction to advanced topics in stochastic processes and related stochastic analysis, and combines them with a sound presentation of the fundamentals of financial mathematics. It is wide-ranging in content, while at the same time placing much emphasis on good readability, motivation, and explanation of the issues covered. Financial mathematical topics are first introduced in the context of discrete time processes and then transferred to continuous-time models. The basic construction of the stochastic integral and the associated martingale theory provide fundamental methods of the theory of stochastic processes for the construction of suitable stochastic models of financial mathematics, e.g. using stochastic differential equations. Central results of stochastic analysis such as the Itô formula, Girsanov's theorem and martingale representation theorems are of fundamental importance in financial mathematics, e.g. for the risk-neutral valuation formula (Black-Scholes formula) or the question of the hedgeability of options and the completeness of market models. Chapters on the valuation of options in complete and incomplete markets and on the determination of optimal hedging strategies conclude the range of topics.Advanced knowledge of probability theory is assumed, in particular of discrete-time processes (martingales, Markov chains) and continuous-time processes (Brownian motion, Lévy processes, processes with independent increments, Markov processes). The book is thus suitable for advanced students as a companion reading and for instructors as a basis for their own courses.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Stochastische Prozesse und Finanzmathematik by Ludger Rüschendorf, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2020. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com) and in a subsequent editing, improved by the author. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.

This book explains compactly, without theoretical superstructure and with as little mathematical formalism as possible, the essential concepts in the encryption of messages and data worthy of protection. The focus is on the description of the historically and practically important cipher, signature and authentication methods. Both symmetric encryption and public-key ciphers are discussed. In each case, the strategies used to attack and attempt to "crack" encryption are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the practical use of ciphers, especially in the everyday environment. The book is suitable for working groups at STEM schools and STEM teacher training, for introductory courses at universities as well as for interested students and adults.

This textbook is an introduction to global optimization, which treats mathematical facts stringently on the one hand, but also motivates them in great detail and illustrates them with 80 figures. The book is therefore not only aimed at mathematicians, but also at natural scientists, engineers and economists who want to understand and apply mathematically sound methods in their field.With almost two hundred pages, the book provides enough choices to use it as a basis for differently designed lectures on global optimization. The detailed treatment of the global solvability of optimization problems under application-relevant conditions sets a new accent that enriches the stock of previous textbooks on optimization. Using the theory and algorithms of smooth convex optimization, the book illustrates that the global solution of a class of optimization problems frequently encountered in practice is efficiently possible, while for the more difficult-to-handle non-convex problems itdevelops in detail the ideas of branch-and-bound methods.This book is the English translation of the 2nd edition of “Grundzüge der Globalen Optimierung” (Springer, 2021) written in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent revision was performed by the author to further refine the work and to ensure that the translation is appropriate concerning content and scientific correctness. It may, however, read stylistically different from a conventional translation.

Why is the squaring of the circle, why is the division of angles with compass and ruler impossible? Why are there general solution formulas for polynomial equations of degree 2, 3 and 4, but not for degree 5 or higher?This textbook deals with such classical questions in an elementary way in the context of Galois theory. It thus provides a classical introduction and at the same time deals with applications. The point of view of a constructive mathematician is consistently adopted: To prove the existence of a mathematical object, an algorithmic construction of that object is always given. Some statements are therefore formulated somewhat more cautiously than is classically customary; some proofs are more elaborately conducted, but are clearer and more comprehensible. Abstract theories and definitions are derived from concrete problems and solutions and can thus be better understood and appreciated.The material in this volume can be covered in a one-semester lecture on algebra right at the beginning of mathematics studies and is equally suitable for first-year students at the Bachelor's level and for teachers.The central statements are already summarised and concisely presented within the text, so the reader is encouraged to pause and reflect and can repeat content in a targeted manner. In addition, there is a short summary at the end of each chapter, with which the essential arguments can be comprehended step by step, as well as numerous exercises with an increasing degree of difficulty.The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

In this book, the most important cryptographic algorithms, protocols and constructions of the last decades are explained and justified. The topics discussed range from public-key cryptography and zero-knowledge protocols to cryptography in blockchains, the Tor network and quantum.The authors succeed in presenting these complex topics in a simple and clear manner. Hardly any prior knowledge is required, as all the necessary mathematical and cryptographic background is provided in the book.The book has a modular structure so that the individual chapters can be read independently of one another. Each topic is presented at different levels: First, the concept is described as a mental model, then it is studied from a mathematical point of view, and finally the strengths and weaknesses of the respective protocol are discussed. The focus is on a high-level perspective rather than full formal proofs.The book is suitable for undergraduate students (e.g., in mathematics, computer science, electrical engineering) as well as for Internet users, tech managers, software developers and data protection/data security officers.This book is an expanded translation of the original German 9th edition Moderne Verfahren der Kryptographie by Albrecht Beutelspacher, Jörg Schwenk and Klaus-Dieter Wolfenstetter, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2022. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. The authors have subsequently revised and extended the text to refine the readability of the text, and to add novel content.

This book contains the basics of abstract algebra. In addition to elementary algebraic structures such as groups, rings and solids, Galois theory in particular is developed together with its applications to the cyclotomic fields, finite fields or the question of the resolution of polynomial equations.Special attention is paid to the natural development of the contents. Numerous intermediate explanations support this basic idea, show connections and help to better penetrate the underlying concepts. The book is therefore particularly suitable for learning algebra in self-study or accompanying online lectures.

This textbook, which is based on the second edition of a book that has been previously published in German language, provides a comprehension-oriented introduction to asymptotic stochastics. It is aimed at the beginning of a master's degree course in mathematics and covers the material that can be taught in a four-hour lecture with two-hour exercises. Individual chapters are also suitable for seminars at the end of a bachelor's degree course.In addition to more basic topics such as the method of moments in connection with the convergence in distribution or the multivariate central limit theorem and the delta method, the book covers limit theorems for U-statistics, the Wiener process and Donsker's theorem, as well as the Brownian bridge, with applications to statistics. It concludes with a central limit theorem for triangular arrays of Hilbert space-valued random elements with applications to weighted L² statistics. The book is deliberately designed forself-study. It contains 138 self-questions, which are answered at the end of each chapter, as well as 194 exercises with solutions.This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

Starting with the Shannon-Wiener approach to mathematical information theory, allowing a mathematical "measurement" of an amount of information, the book begins by defining the terms message and information and axiomatically assigning an amount of information to a probability. The second part explores countable probability spaces, leading to the definition of Shannon entropy based on the average amount of information; three classical applications of Shannon entropy in statistical physics, mathematical statistics, and communication engineering are presented, along with an initial glimpse into the field of quantum information. The third part is dedicated to general probability spaces, focusing on the information-theoretical analysis of dynamic systems.The book builds on bachelor-level knowledge and is primarily intended for mathematicians and computer scientists, placing a strong emphasis on rigorous proofs.

This textbook presents a direct path from real analysis of one variable to function theory. Classical topics of one-dimensional real analysis, such as differential and integral calculus, are largely presented from a complex perspective. The goal is a self-contained exposition extending to the Runge theorems and the dynamics of entire functions. Short sections appended to each chapter on concepts of function theory provide glimpses into higher-dimensional analysis and an impression of its universal significance for mathematics. The book is structured so that parts can also serve as a basis for a seminar. Thus, this fascinating area of mathematics becomes accessible to students whose programs do not focus on mathematics and for whom a classical introduction to function theory would be too time-consuming. This book enables them to take a step into complex analysis, through which they can recognize a multitude of connections that remain hidden in real analysis. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

This textbook is intended to be accessible to any second-year undergraduate in mathematics who has attended courses on basic real analysis and linear algebra. It is meant to help students to appreciate the diverse specialized mathematics courses offered at their universities. Special emphasis is on similarities between mathematical fields and ways to compare them. The organizing principle is the concept of a mathematical structure which plays an important role in all areas of mathematics.The mathematical content used to explain the structural ideas covers in particular material that is typically taught in algebra and geometry courses. The discussion of ways to compare mathematical fields also provides introductions to categories and sheaves, whose ever-increasing role in modern mathematics suggests a more prominent role in teaching.The book is the English translation of the second edition of “Mathematische Strukturen” (Springer, 2024) written in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

Inspired by recent developments in dependent type theory and infinity categories, this book presents a history of ideas around the topics of truth, proof, equality and equivalence. Besides selected ideas of Platon, Aristoteles, Leibniz, Kant, Frege and others, the results of Gödel and Tarski on incompleteness, undecidability and truth in deductive systems and their semantic models are covered. The main focus of this textbook is on dependent type theory and its recent variant homotopy type theory. Such theories contain identity types, which give a new understanding of equality, symmetry, equivalence and isomorphism in a conceptual way. The interaction of type theory and infinity category theory yields a new paradigm for a structural view on mathematics. This supports the tendencies towards formalising mathematics with the help of proof assistants.This book was first published in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

The Musical Scale – A Triviality or a Problem?This book explores a provocative question and soon reveals that combining tones into “harmonious” tonal systems is a surprisingly complex challenge, involving a remarkably rich network of interconnected issues:Why does the familiar scale consist of exactly 12 tones? Could other scales exist?What roles do the famous Pythagorean comma and its various counterparts play?What do concepts such as consonance, harmony, and purity of intervals mean?What is meant by the temperament characteristic of a musical scale?What is “old tuning”, and is there a new one?These and many other questions are closely interconnected, and mathematics plays a central role in answering them. Beginning with simple ratios and numerical relationships, a rich conceptual network unfolds, allowing for scientific explanations of methods for scale generation, the circles of wolf fifths and Euler lattice selection procedures, as well as models of temperaments. In three parts, the book presents:A modern arithmetic of musical intervals, together with the theory of their division, decomposition, and construction based on prime numbers;The manifold architecture of musical scales, including their models and patterns, step geometries and characteristics, semitones, quarter tones, and commas;A mathematical foundation of tempered systems, accompanied by a novel and consistent classification of historically relevant musical tunings.Numerous examples illustrate the concepts throughout. The mathematical calculations and explanations require only elementary school mathematics, which is developed and applied to musical questions as needed. For readers less interested in the mathematics part, entertaining stories from a fairytale world of mythical musical creatures accompany the text, illustrating it in an amusing way.The English translation was prepared with the assistance of artificial intelligence. The resulting text was subsequently reviewed and revised by the author, with particular attention to technical accuracy and content.

This book provides essential foundations of mathematics, covering set theory, algebra, the theory of real and complex numbers, and topology. It serves as the basis for further exploration of mathematics. Not only are the necessary concepts introduced, but also essential – including deeper – statements are proven. The material is illustrated and supplemented by unusual examples and diverse exercises. The book is suitable for self-study, but primarily designed as companion reading from the beginning for a study in mathematics, physics, and computer science. Its coherent approach makes it highly readable and comparatively easy to understand.This book is a translation of the original German edition ‘Grundkonzepte der Mathematik’ by Uwe Storch and Hartmut Wiebe, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE in 2017. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content (by the author Hartmut Wiebe only, as Uwe Storch is no longer with us).

This textbook is an introduction to nonlinear optimization, which treats mathematical concepts stringently on the one hand, but also motivates them in great detail and illustrates them with 42 figures. Therefore, the book is not only aimed at mathematicians, but also at natural scientists, engineers, and economists who want to understand and apply mathematically sound methods in their field.With just over two hundred pages, the book offers sufficient flexibility to serve as a foundation for various types of lectures on nonlinear optimization. Many geometric approaches for understanding both optimality conditions and numerical methods introduce a new perspective, enriching the existing literature on optimization. This is particularly evident in the detailed treatment of issues arising from different functional descriptions of the same geometry of feasible sets, and the thus motivated introduction of constraint qualifications for deriving derivative-based optimality conditions.This book is the English translation of the second edition of “Grundzüge der Nichtlinearen Optimierung” (Springer, 2021) written in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent revision was performed by the author to further refine the work and to ensure that the translation is appropriate concerning content and scientific correctness. It may, however, read stylistically different from a conventional translation.

This textbook presents the topics typically covered in a standard course on discrete structures. It is aimed at students of computer science and mathematics (teaching degree and Bachelor's/Master's) and is designed to accompany lectures, for self-study, and for exam preparation.Through explanatory introductions to definitions, numerous examples, counterexamples, diagrams, cross-references, and outlooks, the authors manage to present the wide range of topics concisely and comprehensibly.Numerous exercises facilitate the deepening of the material. Due to its compact presentation of all important discrete and algebraic structures and its extensive index, the book also serves as a reference for mathematicians, computer scientists, and natural scientists.Contents: From propositional and predicate logic to sets and combinatorics, numbers, relations and mappings, graphs, to the rich spectrum of algebraic structures, and a brief introduction to category theory. Additional chapters include rings and modules as well as matroids.This book is a translation of the second German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so the book may read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

Is mathematics free of contradictions? Are there truths beyond what can be proven? Is it possible to encode our mathematical knowledge into a single number?Modern mathematical logic of the twentieth century provides astonishing answers to these questions.This book takes you on a journey through the core areas of mathematical logic, leading to the limits of mathematics. The covered topics include the history of mathematical logic, formal systems, axiomatic number theory and set theory, proof theory, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, computability theory, algorithmic information theory, and model theory.The book contains numerous two-color illustrations and more than 70 exercises (with solutions available on the author's website). This translation is based on the third edition of the original German book.

What kind of objects does mathematics investigate, and in what sense do these objects exist? Why are we justified in considering mathematical statements as part of our knowledge, and how can they be validated?A philosophy of mathematics seeks to answer such questions. In this introduction, we present the major positions in the philosophy of mathematics and formulate their core ideas into clear, accessible theses. Readers will learn which philosophers developed each position and the historical context in which they emerged. Drawing on fundamental intuitions and scientific findings, one can argue for or against these theses – such arguments form the second focus of this book.The book aims to encourage readers to reflect on the philosophy of mathematics, to develop their own stance, and to learn how to argue for it.This book is a translation of the original German 2nd edition. The translation was done with the help of an artificial intelligence machine translation tool. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book may read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

This textbook presents the theoretical foundations of numerical mathematics in a modern, application-oriented, and comprehensive way. In addition to the standard content, it includes numerous examples and practical excursions to sustainably enhance understanding. Proofs are presented in a very detailed, step-by-step manner. The recurring core concepts of numerical mathematics like accuracy, efficiency, robustness and stability are explicitly addressed and clearly distinguished from one another. Specific example calculations for the described algorithms are carried out using provided Python codes. Numerical modeling for aspects of machine learning and neural networks are taken into consideration. Furthermore, numerical methods from linear algebra and analysis are presented separately, which significantly facilitates students’ access to numerical mathematics – based on the two main lectures within undergraduate studies in mathematics. Therefore, the book is ideally suited for students of mathematics, physics, computer science, or engineering. This book is a translation of the original German 2nd edition of “Einführung in die Numerische Mathematik” (Springer, 2024). The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent revision was performed by the authors to further refine the work and to ensure that the translation is appropriate concerning content and scientific correctness.

This book presents methods from the history of mathematics that have not become standard methods or even made it into classic textbooks. These alternative approaches were often popular at the time of their creation, but then lost attention compared to today's standard methods and eventually fell into oblivion. Often these methods still contain unused potential: It is worth developing them further and discovering where exactly their limits lie. The book aims to provide prospective teachers with a view beyond the usual teaching content and provide content suggestions for working with interested and talented students. For example, Archimedes developed a method for calculating the area of a parabolic segment, which in a way anticipates a piece of integral calculus. However, Archimedes' method did not develop into the standard method found in today's textbooks. Instead, you will find the methods designed by Newton and Leibniz. This book develops the Archimedean method further and shows its "residual potential": Other curves, not just parabolas, can be similarly approached and it is interesting and instructive to see how far Archimedes' method can be developed and where it ultimately reaches its limits.This book is a translation of the original German edition Seitenwege in der Mathematikgeschichte (2024). The translation was done with the help of an artificial intelligence machine translation tool. In the subsequent editing, the author and his colleague Helmer Aslaksen (Uni Oslo) carefully reviewed the translation. Still, the book may read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

This book presents about 365 different proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem in a highly visual and accessible form, while also placing the theorem and its wide variety of proofs into both a mathematical and cultural context. Here, the theorem becomes a model for the discoveries of ancient mathematics, showing how mathematical truths build upon one another. The collection also gives students a unique insight into the methods of mathematics and its deductive structure.The collection of proofs is based on the work of Elisha Scott Loomis (1852–1940), who gathered, systematized, and published hundreds of algebraic and geometric proofs. His work became a crystallization point for the intellectual and cultural history of mathematics, exemplarily condensed in the Pythagorean theorem. After more than 80 years, the Loomis collection is now published again in a thoroughly revised and expanded edition.This book is a translation of the original German edition Der Satz des Pythagoras in 365 Beweisen by Mario Gerwig, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany in 2021. It omits a chapter from the original edition that was tailored primarily to educational contexts in German-speaking countries. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. The author has subsequently revised the text further in an endeavour to refine the work stylistically. Nevertheless, the book might read stylistically different from a conventional translation.From the foreword by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM):May this volume inspire teachers to bring the wonder of the Pythagorean Theorem to their students with renewed clarity and enthusiasm. And may it remind us all that even the most familiar theorems still hold surprises, inviting us to look again, reason again, and delight again in the power of mathematics.From the foreword by Prof. Günter M. Ziegler (President of Freie Universität Berlin, Germany):This book presents a great variety of proofs for a very specific, interesting and fascinating statement – from a historical source, expertly and critically commented. There is much to learn from this book: Learn about the variety of proofs, be inspired by them and take pleasure in them.

This book is a guide for self-study of mathematics as a scientific discipline. It addresses a diverse audience: young people interested in gaining a deeper understanding of the material presented in school, teachers who run math clubs and are looking for material that connects to the school curriculum, university members curious about an alternative perspective on mathematics as a field of study, professionals from other disciplines who have a basic mathematical background and wish to deepen their understanding of mathematics.This book assumes an intuitive grasp of natural numbers and solid mastery of the calculation techniques taught in lower secondary school. Starting from elementary problems in enumerative combinatorics, it first offers a systematic description of the natural numbers. Considerations on solving equations then lead, step by step, to the introduction of real numbers. This enables the development of powerful concepts for modeling distances and other quantities such as areas and volumes. The study of systems of equations further introduces the concepts of “vector space” and “linearization,” which allow computations through linear approximation.In this way, this book conveys the fundamental content of the first three to four semesters of a mathematics degree program. It deliberately avoids the usual division into separate subjects such as “Linear Algebra,” “Analysis,” or “Probability.” Instead, the problems arise from questions about mathematical modeling or from interesting mathematical ideas.This book is a translation of the original German edition, enriched with exercises and solutions. The translation was done with the help of an artificial intelligence machine translation tool. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that this book may read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.