Food Engineering Series – serie

For hundreds of years, foods have been preserved by heating, chilling, drying, salting, conserving, acidification, oxygen-removal, fermenting and adding various preservatives, and often these methods are applied in combinations. More recently, the underlying principles of these traditional methods have been defined and effective limits of these factors for microbial growth, survival and death have been established. Food preservation and food quality depends in most cases on the empirical and now more often on the deliberate and intelligent application of combined preservative factors, or on so-called hurdle technology. It has also become obvious that futuristic food preservation methods are most effective in combination with additional hurdles. Thus, hurdle technology is also the key of food preservation in the future. Furthermore, basic aspects of hurdle technology have been recognized to be of fundamental importance and are increasingly studied in relation to hurdle technology. This text addresses all aspects of hurdle technology, including its possibilities and limitations, and provides comprehensive outlines and evaluation.World-renowned on the subject, Leistner and Gould have been instrumental in the development of the hurdle technology concept and have obtained much practical experience in the application of this successful approach in the food industry worldwide.

This volume examines the use of high-pressure technology in food processing and preservation. The editors have assembled a list of contributors from both academia and industry to explore the fundamental aspects of this non-thermal treatment of foods, beginning with a section on the evolution of high-pressure processing. The second part of the book consists of chapters dealing with the effects of this treatment on the microbiology, food quality, and food structure of foods. The next section looks at how this processing technique affects shelf-life, liquid and solid foods. Finally, the book addresses the specific processing aspects, equipment, and the regulatory issues involved with high-pressure treatment.

Food Powders is the first book that addresses key aspects of food powder technology. It is a comprehensive review on the characterization of ingredients, semi-processed and finished products when they are in a powdered form. It includes the description of different industrial unit operations such as drying, grinding, mixing, agglomeration, and encapsulation that supply food powders of different composition and microstructure. It also includes several analytical tools to characterize food powders by their particle size, size distribution, physical properties, and functionality. Written from an engineering perspective, the book is designed and developed as a useful reference for individuals in both the food industry and academia interested in an organized and updated review. It is a valuable addition to the food powder technology literature and promotes additional interest in advancing food powders research, development, education and implementation.

Food irradiation, the use of ionizing radiation to destroy harmful biological organism in food, is a safe, proven process that has many useful applications. It has been endorsed by numerous health organizations and has now been approved for many applications by governments around the world. Electronic Irradiation of Foods describes all the key aspects of electron accelerator technology in detail. It emphasizes the physical science and technology aspects of food irradiation using machine sources of ionizing radiation. The book provides significant technical depth for interested workers and present descriptive, introductory material that should help demystify technology for businessmen to make informed choices regarding important investments decisions. Introductory chapters summarize the effects of ionizing radiation on biological organisms and the organic compounds comprising foods, and give an overview of the food irradiation process. Subsequent chapters cover the details of the electron beam and x-ray energy deposition, electron accelerator technologies, beam scanning systems, material handling systems, shielding design, and process control considerations. Important appendices cover radiation dosimetry, induced radioactivity, and ozone generation.

The fruit processing industry is one of the major businesses in the world. While basic principles of fruit processing have shown only minor changes over the last few years, major improvements are now continuously occurring, and more efficient equipment capable of convertinghugequantitiesoffruitsintopulp,juice,dehydrated,frozen,refrigeratedproducts, etc. make possible the preservation of products for year-round consumption. The fruit processingandstorage,evenunderthemostindustriallyavailable‘‘mildconditions,’’involves physical and chemical changes that negatively modify the quality. These negative or dete- orative changes include enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning, off-flavor, discoloration, shrinking, case hardening, and some other chemical, thermophysical, and rheological alt- ations that modify the nutritive value and original taste, color, and appearance of fruits. The ability of the industry to provide a nutritious and healthy fruit product to the consumer is highly dependent on the knowledge of the quality modifications that occur during the processing. This book emphasizes the products rather than the processes, procedures, or plant operations. It presents the influence in fruit products’ quality of the different processing methods, from freezing to high temperature techniques. Origin of deterioration, kinetics of negative reactions, and methods for inhibition and control of the same are discussed. Pr- ablechangesinthermodynamical,thermophysical,andrheologicalpropertiesandparameters during processing of fruits at a wide range of soluble solids, temperatures, and pressure are also summarized. This book is intended to provide professionals involved in development and operationsofthefruitindustry,withthenecessaryinformationfortheunderstandingofthedeteriorative effects on the fruit quality during processing. v CONTENTS 1. Overview of the Fruit Processing Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Classification of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In an attempt to improve, or replace, existing food processing methods, several novel technologies have been investigated. Some of these emerging technologies have become alternative means of developing new foods or improving the safety and quality of existing ones while reducing energy consumption for the food industry.Among all emerging nonthermal technologies, high intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) is one of the most appealing due to its short treatment times and reduced heating effects. Its capability to enhance extraction processes and to inactivate microorganisms at temperatures that do not cause any deleterious effect on flavor, color or nutrient value of foods, opens interesting possibilities for the food processing industry. Pulsed Electric Fields Technology for the Food Industry presents the information accumulated on PEF during the last 15 years by experienced microbiologists, biochemists, food technologists, and electrical and food engineers. It offers to anyone interested in this subject a comprehensive knowledge in this field.

Sterilization of canned food is a well-known technology that has been in practice for many decades. Food sterilization has been well studied in a large number of textbooks. This book is not about the science of sterilization or food safety but rather about the important interaction between ?uid mechanics, heat transfer, and microbial inactivation. Such interaction is complex and if ignored would lead to incorrect information not only on food sterility but also on food quality. The book is written by engineers for both food engineers and scientists. However, it may also be of interest to those working in computational ?uid dynamics (CFD). It presents an elementary treatment of the principles of heat transfer during thermal sterilization, and it contains suf?cient material presented at a high level of mathematics. A background in the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations is helpful for proper understanding of the main chapters of this book. However, we have avoided going into a detailed numerical analysis of the ?nite volume method (FVM) of solutions used to solve the sets of equations. Some familiarity with ?uid dynamics and heat transfer will also be helpful but not essential. Inthisbook,conductionandconvectiveheattransferistreatedsuchthatthereaderisofferedthe insight that is gained from analytical solutions as well as the important tools of numerical analysis, which must be used in practice. Analysis of free convection is used to present a physical picture of the convection process.

Food Materials Science provides the science behind structuring processes for foods and applications in food product design. The book may be used as a text in a course in food materials science at the senior or graduate level or as a supplement text in an advanced food technology course.

Solving Problems in Food Engineering is a step by step workbook intended to enhance students' understanding of complicated concepts and to help them practice solving food engineering problems.

Food Engineering: Integrated Approaches presents a significant and up-to-date review of various integrated approaches to food engineering.

Recently, the electrotechnologies based on the effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF), such as ohmic heating (OH) and DC electric field, have gained real interest in the field of food processing. These techniques efficiently enhance methods of extraction from food plants and dehydration of biosolids. The PEF and pulsed OH techniques preserve the nutritional, functional, structural and sensory properties of products better than conventional extraction technologies. The electrofiltration and electro-osmotic dewatering can be very effective for the separation of bioproducts and dehydration of food wastes.The first source book in the field, this book gives an overview the fundamental principles of electrical techniques, electrophysical properties of foods and agricultural products, application of various emerging electrotechnologies for enhancing the solid-liquid separation and drying processes, extraction techniques of pigments, processing methods of different in-plant tissues and biosolids, electro-osmotic dewatering and electrofiltration of biomaterials, recent industrial- scale gains, and other aspects. Each chapter is complementary to other chapters and addresses the latest efforts in the field.

Completely up-to-date and organized for easy use this one-of-a-kind reference integrates basic concepts with hand-on techniques for food dehydration from an engineering point of view. It discusses a wide range of scientific and technical information, from the physical chemical and microbiological changes in food dehydration to its packaging aspects. The first section of the book provides a thorough review of topics such as water-air mixtures, characteristics of dehydrated food, glass transition temperature, enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, destruction of nutrients and aromas, and descriptions of drying processes based on different theoretical approaches. The second half of the text focuses on the specific methods used in the dehydration process, including the mass and energy balances, with illustrations on each of the drying alternatives. The drying operations described are: cabinet, spray, drum drying, freeze dehydration, vacuum, sun, microwave, fluidized bed, osmotic dehydration, and extrusion cooking. The book concludes with a section designed to help the reader determine the appropriate method of packaging materials for dehydrated foods. Bringing together essential information on fundamental and applied engineering aspects of food dehydration, this book will prove to be an invaluable resource to all food technologists, chemical engineers working in the food industry and professionals in the drying business. Senior and graduate students in food processing and food science careers will also value this reference guide as an essential part of their studies.

This book is based on the papers presented at the first Ibero-American Conference on Food Engineering, held in Sao Paolo, Brazil in November 1995. Chapters focus on four major areas of current research in food engineering: new technologies; food packaging, physical properties of foods, and education in food engineering. Food engineers have contributed chapters on topics such as: minimally processed foods, structured foods, new developments in food packaging, and food engineering curricula for the 21st century.

An Aspen Food Engineering Series Book. This new edition provides a comprehensive reference on food microstructure, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature, rooted in the scientific principles of food materials science and physical chemistry. The book details the techniques available to study food microstructure, examines the microstructure of basic food components and its relation to quality, and explores how microstructure is affected by specific unit operations in food process engineering. Descriptions of a number of food-related applications provide a better understanding of the complexities of the microstructural approach to food processing. Color plates.

This new book updates and expands Harold Burton's classic book, UHT Processing of Milk and Milk Products, to provide comprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of thermal processing of liquid and particulate foods. The food products covered now include soups, sauces, fruit juices, and other beverages, in addition to milk and milk products. Pasteurization, sterilization, and aseptic processing are all discussed, with emphasis on the underlying principles and problems of heat treatment of more viscous fluids, where streamline flow conditions are likely to prevail, and of products containing particles. Pasteurization and heat treatments designed to further extend the shelf life of pasteurized products are also discussed, and the pasteurization and sterilization processes are compared to highlight similarities and differences. Throughout, factors influencing the safety and quality of heated foods are emphasized. This book contains over 100 illustrations and 50 tables, as well as extensive cross-referencing and a comprehensive reference section.

This book addresses a fundamental understanding of heat and mass (moisture and oil) transport mechanisms in the frying of foods and of the physical and chemical changes that occur in the product and oil during the process. Different types of fryers are described in detail, product quality attribute measurement on-line is assessed, modeling and simulation of batch and continuous frying systems are covered in detail, and process control application is described. Color plates.

In the food industry, controlling crystallization is a key factor in quality as it relates to texture, with some foods requiring the promotion of crystallization and others its prevention. In the first publication to focus specifically on this process as it applies to food, Crystallization in Foods covers fundamental principles in ice, sugar, and lipid crystallization, and their applications. Drawing on examples throughout of the practical use and impact of crystallization on food structure, texture, and quality; and enhanced with numerous equations and illustrations, Crystallization in Foods is a valuable resource for food engineers and other scientists working with crystallization in foods, particularly in the dairy, confectionery, frozen foods, and baked goods industries. In addition, this book may be of interest to scientists and other professionals in the personal care and cosmetics industry, which shares some of the same quality and texture concerns as the food industry.

An Aspen Food Engineering Series Book. This new reference work in the Food Engineering Series covers basic and new information and issues, and new and refined existing technologies in the preservation of fruits and vegetables with a minimum of processing. It begins with a section on detecting and controlling good and harmful microorganisms in fruits and vegetable tissues, then surveys a range of preservation technologies, talks about new technologies being developed in landmark multinational projects, and ends by covering the legal aspects of minimally processed produce in the United States, Europe, South America, and Asia.

Process control is a significant topic for all engineers responsible for industrial processing operations. This book introduces the reader to the range of process control techniques as applied to food and agricultural systems. It begins with an introduction to process modeling and control. Fundamental methods of process control are carefully explained in sections from dynamic modeling to control designing and implementation. The different methods of process control are accompanied by examples of application specific to food and agricultural industries.

One of the best ways for students or practitioners to learn is through real-life example. In this volume, Clark  presents several case studies that can be used not only by those currently working in the industry, but as a means for sparking discussion in food engineering classes.This book has several purposes: (1) to serve as a source of information about a representative collection of food processes with which Clark has had experience; (2) to convey some practical lessons about process development and plant design; and (3) to serve educators as a resource for class problems and discussion.The book is organized in three broad sections. The first concerns processes that are primarily physical, such as mixing. The second concerns processes that also involve biochemical changes, such as thermal sterilization. The third section addresses some broader issues that have not been discussed elsewhere, including how to tour a plant, how to choose among building a new plant, expanding or renovating; and how to develop processes.

Food Engineering: Integrated Approaches presents a significant and up-to-date review of various integrated approaches to food engineering.

Recently, the electrotechnologies based on the effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF), such as ohmic heating (OH) and DC electric field, have gained real interest in the field of food processing. These techniques efficiently enhance methods of extraction from food plants and dehydration of biosolids. The PEF and pulsed OH techniques preserve the nutritional, functional, structural and sensory properties of products better than conventional extraction technologies. The electrofiltration and electro-osmotic dewatering can be very effective for the separation of bioproducts and dehydration of food wastes.The first source book in the field, this book gives an overview the fundamental principles of electrical techniques, electrophysical properties of foods and agricultural products, application of various emerging electrotechnologies for enhancing the solid-liquid separation and drying processes, extraction techniques of pigments, processing methods of different in-plant tissues and biosolids, electro-osmotic dewatering and electrofiltration of biomaterials, recent industrial- scale gains, and other aspects. Each chapter is complementary to other chapters and addresses the latest efforts in the field.

Food Powders is the first book that addresses key aspects of food powder technology. It is a comprehensive review on the characterization of ingredients, semi-processed and finished products when they are in a powdered form. It includes the description of different industrial unit operations such as drying, grinding, mixing, agglomeration, and encapsulation that supply food powders of different composition and microstructure. It also includes several analytical tools to characterize food powders by their particle size, size distribution, physical properties, and functionality. Written from an engineering perspective, the book is designed and developed as a useful reference for individuals in both the food industry and academia interested in an organized and updated review. It is a valuable addition to the food powder technology literature and promotes additional interest in advancing food powders research, development, education and implementation.

Food irradiation, the use of ionizing radiation to destroy harmful biological organism in food, is a safe, proven process that has many useful applications. It has been endorsed by numerous health organizations and has now been approved for many applications by governments around the world. Electronic Irradiation of Foods describes all the key aspects of electron accelerator technology in detail. It emphasizes the physical science and technology aspects of food irradiation using machine sources of ionizing radiation. The book provides significant technical depth for interested workers and present descriptive, introductory material that should help demystify technology for businessmen to make informed choices regarding important investments decisions. Introductory chapters summarize the effects of ionizing radiation on biological organisms and the organic compounds comprising foods, and give an overview of the food irradiation process. Subsequent chapters cover the details of the electron beam and x-ray energy deposition, electron accelerator technologies, beam scanning systems, material handling systems, shielding design, and process control considerations. Important appendices cover radiation dosimetry, induced radioactivity, and ozone generation.

The fruit processing industry is one of the major businesses in the world. While basic principles of fruit processing have shown only minor changes over the last few years, major improvements are now continuously occurring, and more efficient equipment capable of convertinghugequantitiesoffruitsintopulp,juice,dehydrated,frozen,refrigeratedproducts, etc. make possible the preservation of products for year-round consumption. The fruit processingandstorage,evenunderthemostindustriallyavailable‘‘mildconditions,’’involves physical and chemical changes that negatively modify the quality. These negative or dete- orative changes include enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning, off-flavor, discoloration, shrinking, case hardening, and some other chemical, thermophysical, and rheological alt- ations that modify the nutritive value and original taste, color, and appearance of fruits. The ability of the industry to provide a nutritious and healthy fruit product to the consumer is highly dependent on the knowledge of the quality modifications that occur during the processing. This book emphasizes the products rather than the processes, procedures, or plant operations. It presents the influence in fruit products’ quality of the different processing methods, from freezing to high temperature techniques. Origin of deterioration, kinetics of negative reactions, and methods for inhibition and control of the same are discussed. Pr- ablechangesinthermodynamical,thermophysical,andrheologicalpropertiesandparameters during processing of fruits at a wide range of soluble solids, temperatures, and pressure are also summarized. This book is intended to provide professionals involved in development and operationsofthefruitindustry,withthenecessaryinformationfortheunderstandingofthedeteriorative effects on the fruit quality during processing. v CONTENTS 1. Overview of the Fruit Processing Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Classification of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sterilization of canned food is a well-known technology that has been in practice for many decades. Food sterilization has been well studied in a large number of textbooks. This book is not about the science of sterilization or food safety but rather about the important interaction between ?uid mechanics, heat transfer, and microbial inactivation. Such interaction is complex and if ignored would lead to incorrect information not only on food sterility but also on food quality. The book is written by engineers for both food engineers and scientists. However, it may also be of interest to those working in computational ?uid dynamics (CFD). It presents an elementary treatment of the principles of heat transfer during thermal sterilization, and it contains suf?cient material presented at a high level of mathematics. A background in the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations is helpful for proper understanding of the main chapters of this book. However, we have avoided going into a detailed numerical analysis of the ?nite volume method (FVM) of solutions used to solve the sets of equations. Some familiarity with ?uid dynamics and heat transfer will also be helpful but not essential. Inthisbook,conductionandconvectiveheattransferistreatedsuchthatthereaderisofferedthe insight that is gained from analytical solutions as well as the important tools of numerical analysis, which must be used in practice. Analysis of free convection is used to present a physical picture of the convection process.

Completely up-to-date and organized for easy use this one-of-a-kind reference integrates basic concepts with hand-on techniques for food dehydration from an engineering point of view. It discusses a wide range of scientific and technical information, from the physical chemical and microbiological changes in food dehydration to its packaging aspects. The first section of the book provides a thorough review of topics such as water-air mixtures, characteristics of dehydrated food, glass transition temperature, enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, destruction of nutrients and aromas, and descriptions of drying processes based on different theoretical approaches. The second half of the text focuses on the specific methods used in the dehydration process, including the mass and energy balances, with illustrations on each of the drying alternatives. The drying operations described are: cabinet, spray, drum drying, freeze dehydration, vacuum, sun, microwave, fluidized bed, osmotic dehydration, and extrusion cooking. The book concludes with a section designed to help the reader determine the appropriate method of packaging materials for dehydrated foods. Bringing together essential information on fundamental and applied engineering aspects of food dehydration, this book will prove to be an invaluable resource to all food technologists, chemical engineers working in the food industry and professionals in the drying business. Senior and graduate students in food processing and food science careers will also value this reference guide as an essential part of their studies.

Traditional food and bioprocessing technologies are facing challenges due to high expectation from the consumers and producers for better quality and safety, higher process efficiency, and products with novel properties or functionalities.

The International Conference on Food Engineering is held every four years and draws global participation. The goal is to explore how food engineers are integrating developments in the basic sciences of physics and chemistry, nutrition, informatics, material sciences, genomics (and other -omics), quality and safety, consumer behavior and gastronomy.